Vehicle Accident Analysis and Reconstruction Methods

Description

Order today to receive WCX 2022 Special Discount of 30% of list price of $130.00! In this third edition of Vehicle Accident Analysis & Reconstruction Methods, Raymond M. Brach and R. Matthew Brach have expanded and updated their essential work for professionals in the field of accident reconstruction. Most accidents can be reconstructed effectively using of calculations and investigative and experimental data: the authors present the latest scientific, engineering, and mathematical reconstruction methods, providing a firm scientific foundation for practitioners. Accidents that cannot be reconstructed using the methods in this book are rare. In recent decades, the field of crash reconstruction has been transformed through the use of technology. The advent of event data records (EDRs) on vehicles signaled the era of modern crash reconstruction, which utilizes the same physical evidence that was previously available as well as electronic data that are measured/captured before, during, and after the collision. There is increased demand for more professional and accurate reconstruction as more crash data is available from vehicle sensors. The third edition of this essential work includes a new chapter on the use of EDRs as well as examples using EDR data in accident reconstruction. Early chapters feature foundational material that is necessary for the understanding of vehicle collisions and vehicle motion; later chapters present applications of the methods and include example reconstructions. As a result, Vehicle Accident Analysis & Reconstruction Methods remains the definitive resource in accident reconstruction. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Foreword Preface to the Third Edition Preface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 Uncertainty and Sensitivity in Measurements and Calculations in Accident Reconstruction Introduction Upper and Lower Bounds Using a Given Model Differential Variations Statistics of Related Variables Linear Functions Arbitrary Functions (Approximate Method) Finite Differences Monte Carlo Method Design of Experiments The Bayesian Method Application Issues and Other Considerations Other Methods of Evaluating Uncertainty CHAPTER 2 Tire Forces Introduction Rolling Resistance Slip, Longitudinal Force, and Lateral Force Longitudinal Slip Comments, the Coefficient of Friction, and the Frictional Drag Coefficient Longitudinal Tire Force Vehicle Event Data Recorders and Longitudinal Slip Lateral Tire Force Friction Circle and Friction Ellipse Idealized Friction Circle and Idealized Friction Ellipse Friction Circle and Friction Ellipse Modeling Combined Steering and ­Braking Tire Forces The Bakker-Nyborg-Pacejka Model for Lateral and Longitudinal Tire Forces Modified Nicolas-Comstock Combined Tire Force Model Application Issues Tire Stiffness Values Antilock Braking Systems Light Vehicle (LV) Frictional Drag Coefficients Frictional Drag Coefficients for Heavy Trucks (HT) Hydroplaning Appendix 2A CHAPTER 3 Straight-Line Motion Introduction Uniform Acceleration and Braking Motion Equations of Constant Acceleration Road Grade and Equivalent Drag Coefficients Vehicle Forward-Motion ­Performance Equations Stopping Distance Distance from Speed Speed from Distance Application Issues Stopping Distance Two Objects Decelerating While in Contact Motion Around Curves Vehicle Fall Equations Equations of Motion of a Projectile Equations of Motion of a Vehicle Leading to a Fall Including Rotational Inertia CHAPTER 4 Critical Speed from Tire Yaw Marks Introduction Estimation of Speed from Yaw Marks Yaw Marks Radius from Yaw Marks Critical Speed CSF on a Flat Surface Roadway with Superelevation Application Issues Tire Marks in Practice Other Curved Tire Marks Frictional Drag Coefficient, f Driver Control Modes Tire Forces in a Severe Yaw The Critical Speed Formula and Edge Drop-Off (Road-Edge Reentry) Uncertainty of Critical Speed Calculations Estimation of Uncertainty by Differential Variations Accuracy of the Critical Speed Method Statistical Variations Yaw Mark Striations Striation Angles Striation Spacing CHAPTER 5 Reconstruction of Vehicular Rollover Accidents Introduction Rollover Test Methods Documentation of the Accident Site Documentation of the Accident Vehicle Pre-trip Phase Tire Mark Striation Trip Phase Modeling the Trip Phase Complex Vehicle Trip Models Rim Contact Roll Phase Speed Analysis for the Roll Phase Determining the Roll Motion of the Vehicle Generating a Realistic Roll Velocity Curve Example Rollover Reconstruction Vehicle-to-Ground Impact Model Impulse Ratio (μ) Impact Angle (ϕ) CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Collisions, Impulse-Momentum Theory Introduction Quantitative Concepts Point-Mass Impulse-Momentum Collision Theory Coefficient of Restitution, Frictionless Point-Mass Collisions Collisions Where Sliding Ends before Separation: The Critical Impulse Ratio, μ0 Sideswipe Collisions and Common-Velocity Conditions Controlled Collisions Coefficients of Restitution Stiffness Equivalent Collision Coefficient of Restitution Mass Equivalent Collision Coefficient of Restitution Summary of the Point-Mass Impact Model Planar Impact Mechanics Overview of Planar Impact Mechanics Model Application Issues: Coefficients, Dimensions, and Angles Coefficient of Restitution and Impulse Ratio Distances, Angles, and Point C Work of Impulses and Energy Loss (Crush Energy) RICSAC Collisions Summary of Planar Impact Mechanics Model Application Issues Crashes with Large Mass Disparity between the Vehicles Underride/Override Crashes CHAPTER 7 Event Data Recorders and Crash Reconstruction Introduction Light Vehicle EDR Data EDR Reported ΔV Recording Delay Incomplete Recording Clipping Effect of ACM Location EDR Reported Precrash Vehicle Speed Heavy Vehicle EDR Data Summary CHAPTER 8 Reconstruction Applications, Impulse-Momentum Theory Introduction Point-Mass Collision Applications Rigid Body, PIM Applications: Vehicle Collisions with Rotation Collision Reconstruction Using a Solution of the Planar Impact Equations Reconstructions Using a Spreadsheet Solution of the Planar ­Impact Equations Optimization Methods for Collision Reconstruction Low-Speed In-Line (Central) Collisions In-Line Impulse-Momentum Impact Model Bumper Pair Stiffness Characterization Method Airbags, Event Data Recorders, and ΔV Crash Data Precrash Data CHAPTER 9 Collisions of Articulated Vehicles, Impulse-Momentum Theory Introduction Assumptions for Application of Planar Impact Mechanics to Articulated Vehicles Articulated Vehicle Impact Equations Validation of the Articulated Vehicle Impact Equations Using Experimental Data Appendix 9A: Data Sheets for Example 9.4 CHAPTER 10 Crush Energy and ΔV Introduction The CRASH3 Method Crush Stiffness Coefficients Based on Average Crush from Rigid Barrier Tests Application Issues Crush Stiffness Coefficients from Vehicle-to-Vehicle Collisions Damage to One Vehicle Unknown Side Crush Stiffness Coefficients, Two-Vehicle, Front-to-Side Crash Tests Nonlinear Models of Crush Arbitrary Number of Crush Measurements CHAPTER 11 Frontal Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions Introduction General and Supplementary Information Forward Projection (Type I) Model Hybrid Wrap Model Vehicle-Pedestrian Impact (Type II) Mechanics Model Pedestrian Motion Vehicle Motion Values of Physical Variables Reconstruction (Hybrid) Model Application to a Motorcycle Rider Thrown after Impact CHAPTER 12 Photogrammetry for Accident Reconstruction Introduction Aerial Photography Camera Matching Planar Photogrammetry Three-Dimensional (3D) Photogrammetry Fundamental Information Related to Three-Dimensional (3D) Photogrammetry Mathematical Basis of Three-Dimensional (3D) Photogrammetry Projection Equations Collinearity Equations Coplanarity Equations Multiple Image Considerations Considerations of the Use of Three-Dimensional (3D) Photogrammetry in Practice Summary Appendix 12A: Projective Relation for Planar Photogrammetry CHAPTER 13 Railroad Grade Crossing and Road Intersection Conflicts Introduction Clearing a Crossing or Intersection Using a Sight Triangle Sight Distance for Stopping before a Crossing or Intersection FHWA Grade-Crossing Equations Stopping Distance Stopping Sight Distance Clearing Sight Distance Locomotive Horn Sound Levels at Railroad Grade Crossings Calculation of Horn Sound Levels at a Distance from a Point Source Insertion Loss of Light Vehicles CHAPTER 14 Vehicle Dynamic Simulation Introduction Light-Vehicle Side-Force Coefficients Heavy-Vehicle Side-Force Coefficients Sensitivity of the Model to Parameters Planar Vehicle Dynamic Simulation Tire Side-Force Stiffness Coefficients Examples Appendix 14A: Differential Equations of Planar Vehicular Motion Notation Appendix A: Units and Numbers Use of SI (Metric Units of Measure in SAE Technical Papers) Numbers, Significant Figures, and Rounding Significant Figures Rounding of Numbers Consistency of Significant Figures When Adding and Subtracting Consistency of Significant Figures When Multiplying and Dividing Other Forms of Number Manipulation Unit Conversions for Common Units Appendix B: Glossary Common Terms and Acronyms in Accident Reconstruction References Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Appendix A Appendix B Bibliography About the Authors Index BackCover