The Structure of Matter

Description

Front Cover Title Page CONTENTS PREFACE PART I ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Atoms 1.2. The Avogadro Number 1.3. Mass and Size of Atoms 1.4. The Constituents of an Atom: Electrons and the Nucleus CHAPTER TWO ATOMIC SPECTRA 2.1. Principle of Operation of Spectrographs; Kinds of Spectra 2.2. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 2.3. The Spectra of Other Elements 2.4. The Concept of Light Quantum 2.5. History of the Development of the Concepts of Atomic Structure CHAPTER THREE THE WAVE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL PARTICLES 3.1. Dual Nature of Light 3.2. The Law of Interdependence of Mass and Energy 3.3. Compton Effect 3.4. De Broglie Waves 3.5. Quantum Mechanics; the Schrodinger Equation CHAPTER FOUR QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 4.1. Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for the One-Dimensional Square-Well Model 4.2. Three-Dimensional Square-Well Model 4.3. Quantum-Mechanical Explanation of Structure of Hydrogen Atom 4.4. Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms 4.5. Many-Electron Atoms 4.6. Origination of Spectra 4.7. Energy Characteristics of Atoms: Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity PART II MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS OF ELEMENTS CHAPTER FIVE INTRODUCTION 5.1. The Modern Formulation of the Periodic Law 5.2. The Structure of the Periodic System 5.3. Predicting the Properties of Substances with the Aid of the Periodic Law CHAPTER SIX THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTSAND THEIR ATOMIC STRUCTURE 6.1. Filling of Electron Shells and Subshells 6.2. Variation of Ionization Energies 6.3. Secondary Periodicity CHAPTER SEVEN ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF FORMS AND PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 7.1. Oxidation State 7.2. Atomic and Ionic Radii 7.3. Coordination Number 7.4. Compounds Containing R-H and R-O- Bonds 7.5. Acids, Bases, and Amphoteric Compounds 7.6. Dependence of the Strength of Acids and Bases on the Charge and Radius of the Ion of the Element Forming Them CHAPTER EIGHT ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS 8.1. First Group 8.2. Second Group 8.3. Third Group 8.4. Fourth Group 8.5. Fifth Group 8.6. Sixth Group 8.7. Seventh Group 8.8. Eighth Group 8.9. Zero Group 8.10. Some Conclusions CHAPTER NINE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERIODIC LAW PART III THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES AND THE CHEMICAL BOND CHAPTER TEN INTRODUCTION 10.1. Molecules, Ions and Free Radicals 10.2. Development of Conceptions of the Chemical Bond and Valence 10.3. A. Butlerov’s Theory of Chemical Structure 10.4. Structural Isomerism 10.5. Spatial Isomerism CHAPTER ELEVEN BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-LENGTH, DIRECTION, STRENGTH 11.1. Length of Bonds 11.2. Valence Angles 11.3. Strength of the Bond CHAPTER TWELVE PHYSICAL METHODS OF DETERMINING MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 12.1. Electron-Diffraction Examination 12.2. Molecular Spectra CHAPTER THIRTEEN BASIC TYPES OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-IONICAND COVALENT BOND 13.1. Electronegativity of the Elements 13.2. Ionic and Covalent Bond 13.3. The Dipole Moment and Molecular Structure 13.4. Effective Charges CHAPTER FOURTEEN QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF THE COVALENT BOND 14.1. Solution of the Schrodinger EquationUsing Approximate Functions 14.2. Potential Energy Curves for Molecules 14.3. Results of Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of the Hydrogen Molecule by Heitler and London 14.4. Valence of the Elements on the Basis of the Heitler and London Theory 14.5. Explanation of the Orientation of Valence 14.6. Single, Double and Triple Bonds 14.7. The Donor-Acceptor Bond 14.8. The Bond in Electron-Deficient Molecules 14.9. Molecular Orbital Method 14.10. Molecular Orbitals in Diatomic Molecules 14.11. Hiickel Method CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE IONIC BOND 15.1. Energy of the Ionic Bond 15.2. Ionic Polarization 15.3. Effect of Polarization on Properties of Substances 15.4. The Polar Bond and Electronegativity CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE CHEMICAL BOND IN COMPLEX COMPOUNDS 16.1. Complex Compounds 16.2 Isomerism of Complex Compounds 16.3. Explanation of the Chemical Bond in Complexes on the Basis of Electrostatic Conceptions 16.4. Quantum-Mechanical Interpretation of the Chemical Bond in Complex Compounds 16.5. Valence Bond Method 16.6. Crystal Field Theory 16.7. Molecular Orbitals in Complex Compounds CHAPTER SEVENTEEN THE HYDROGEN BOND PART IV THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER IN THE CONDENSED STATE CHAPTER EIGHTEEN INTRODUCTION 18.1. Aggregate States 18.2. Molecular Interaction CHAPTER NINETEEN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE 19.1. Characteristics of the Crystalline State 19.2. Study of Crystal Structure 19.3. Types of Crystal Lattices 19.4. Some Crystal Structures 19.5. Energetics of Ionic Crystals CHAPTER TWENTY LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS STATES 20.1. Structure of Liquids 20.2. The Structure of Water 20.3. Solutions of Electrolytes 20.4. The Amorphous State APPENDICES I. Determination of the ratio e/m for an electron. II. Characteristics of wave motion. Interference and diffraction of waves. III. Construction of the Schrodinger equation. IV. Polarization of light. V. Derivation of relationship describing electron diffraction by molecules. VI. Moment of inertia. VII. Expressions for wave functions of hybrid orbitals. VIII. Electron spin and magnetic properties of matter. IX. Calculation of the absorption spectra of polymethylene dyes. X. Solution of homogeneous sets of linear equations. VALUES OF UNITS OF MEASURE AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USED IN THE BOOK IN THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX