Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity?: Examining The Evidence (Special Report (National Research Council (U S) Transportation Research Board))

Description

TRB Special Report 282: Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence......Page 2 The Transportation Research Board......Page 4 Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Glossary......Page 14 Contents......Page 20 Study Context and Charge......Page 22 Benefits of Physical Activity......Page 24 Role of the Built Environment......Page 25 Findings......Page 26 Conclusions......Page 29 Recommendations......Page 32 Looking Forward......Page 36 1 Introduction......Page 38 Study Charge and Scope......Page 39 Physical Activity and Health: Overview......Page 40 Energy Balance and the Obesity Connection......Page 41 Study Approach and Key Issues......Page 43 Organization of the Report......Page 48 Summary: Physical Activity and Health......Page 52 Terminology......Page 54 Effects of Physical Activity on Health......Page 55 Recommended Levels of Physical Activity......Page 59 Measuring Physical Activity......Page 64 Current Levels of Physical Activity......Page 69 Summary: Long-Term Trends Affecting Physical Activity Levels......Page 78 Analysis Approach......Page 80 Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity......Page 82 Trends in Other Types of Physical Activity......Page 85 Trends in Spatial Distributions of Population and Employment......Page 93 Changes in Time Use and Sedentary Activities......Page 98 Summary: Contextual Factors Affecting Physical Activity......Page 104 Factors Affecting Individual Choice......Page 106 Institutional and Regulatory Context......Page 121 Summary: Designing Research to Study the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Physical Activity......Page 144 The Role of Theory......Page 146 Research Designs......Page 149 Availability of Data......Page 158 Summary: Current State of Knowledge......Page 170 6 Current State of Knowledge......Page 172 Overview of the Literature......Page 173 Review of Findings......Page 174 Analysis of Findings......Page 180 Knowledge Gaps......Page 193 7 Future Directions......Page 240 Findings......Page 242 Conclusions......Page 245 Recommendations......Page 248 Appendix A: Commissioned Papers and Authors......Page 254 Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Participants......Page 256 Study Committee Biographical Information......Page 264