Blockchain and Health: Transformation of Care and Impact of Digitalization

Description

The secure storage of medical records is vital to any healthcare system. Relying solely on centralized servers increases the likelihood of sensitive information going public. Transparency and increased security of Blockchain technology make it an ideal platform for storing medical records. Patients can safely store their privacy-sensitive information by securing their data on a Blockchain using cryptography. This enables them to share their medical information with any healthcare institution with their approval. The healthcare system is currently very fragmented, but if all users were to use a secure global database, the flow of information between them would be much faster. A great advantage of a global database is that clients do not have to tell their story every time. A medical specialist, for example, can see exactly what a patient has been through and what treatments and examinations have taken place. The information is also available in real time to the healthcare professional the client has indicated to have access to his file. A new revolution is taking place that is clearly different from the third industrial revolution (Internet, communication and globalization). This fourth industrial revolution involves a fusion of technologies such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, cloud computing and Blockchain. Our healthcare society is also changing fundamentally, also under the influence of COVID-19. With this book in three chapters, we present the impact of Blockchain and digitization in healthcare with (1) a systematic literature review om implementing blockchain solutions in health care and organizational consequences, (2) Blockchain in health care and (3) transformation of elderly care and impact of digitalization. Contents Preface Chapter 1 A Systematic Literature Review on Implementing Blockchain Solutions in Healthcare and the Organisational Consequences Abstract Introduction Motivation and Contribution Background Information Types of Networks Consensus Protocols Smart Contracts Rules for Validating a Blockchain Blockchain in Healthcare and the Need Methodology Research Questions Use of Databases Results Answer to the Research Questions Conclusion and Discussion Further Research and Limitations References Appendix 1: Selected and Consulted Articles Appendix 2: Overview of Selected Publications with Adoption Considerations Chapter 2 Blockchain in Health Care Abstract Preface Introduction Digitisation in Healthcare Methods Introduction to Blockchain How Blockchain Works Ledger Decentralised Characteristics Increasing Complexity in Healthcare Methods of Financing Fragmented First Line Everyone Has Their Own Policy New Transactions Blockchain as a Solution for Verified Data Benefits and Opportunities App Three Forms of Access Public System Private System Hybrid System Storing Data Generic Benefits Irrefutable Control over Your Own Data Intelligent Layer Administrative Optimization Security Conditions for the Application Criteria Future Case 1: All the Parties Responsible for Mijn Zorg Log Development How It Works Irrefutable Control Over Your Own Data Intelligent Layer Administrative Optimization Two Characteristics of Blockchain The Blockchain Trilemma Trilemma Scalability Security Decentralization The Solution to the Trilemma by Bitcoin The Creation of Bitcoin Bitcoin as a Decentralised System Examples of Infrastructures Hyperledger Fabric Ethereum Corda Infromation Transfer with Tokens Automatic Processing with Smart Contracts Recommendations for Cybersecurity Case 2: How Microbiome Centre Closes the Knowledge Gap Network Organization Medicines Act Five Principles to Get Started Does Blockchain Fit Your Company? Choose a Platform Dare to Ask An Open Mind Three Applications in Healthcare Transparency of Information Accessibility of Patient Information Complete Information Guarantee of Information Storage Care Is (Still) Lagging Behind Blockchain Security of Medicine Production and Distribution Blockchain for a Secure Supply Chain Tracking Down Medicines Collaboration with Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things Artificial Intelligence Internet of Things Example of Heat Stress Levels Smartly Combining Blockchain with AI and the IoT Blockchain and Health Information Exchange (HIE) Case 3: Health Information Exchange at MedFAbric4Me On-Chain and Off-Chain Properties of MedFabric4Me Privacy Partial Sharing of Data Scalability IPFS versus Cloud Nucypher Comparisons of Use between MedFabric4Me and HIE ADT Messages Improvements in Pandemic Warnings Management of Medical Devices Ease of Setup System Upgrade and Updates Easier Data Backup The Basic Principles of Blockchain in Healthcare Basic Principle 1 - Growing Chain Five-Layer Model When and When Not to Use Blockchain Basic Principle 2 - Distributed Network The Outcomes of Care Facilitating IT Platform Basic Principle 3 - Consensus Basic Principle 4 - Data Storage Digital Identity Privacy The Impact Case 4: The VGZ Innovation Team Develops an App for Maternity Care Development Design Principles for Introducing Blockchain in Healthcare Different Way of Thinking Technological Developments in Healthcare Seven Design Principles Medicaid Blockchain for the Electronic Health Record Realizing a Good Transfer Roadmap for Interoperability Step 1: Set Up a Secure Network Structure Step 2: Enable Verifiable Identity and Authentication Step 3: A Clear Representation of Authorisation More Effects of Blockchain for the ECD Case 5: Deventer GROZzerdam Innovates with an App Improve Your Functioning with the GG App GG App and Blockchain Policy Conclusion Porter’s Agenda Impact of Blockchain Applications of Blockchain Close Collaboration Safeguarding Privacy Blockchain for Electronic Health Records Supervision Change Strategy References Chapter 3 Transformation of Elderly Care and Impact of Digitalization Abstract Introduction Individual Control Interaction Client and Professional Impact of Competence Agility Adaptive System Variety COVID-19 Effects of Digitalization: The Importance of Information Advantage of Digitalization Freedom of Choice Care in the Right Place Digital Tools Convergence of Developments Position of Client Self-Management Normative Practice Taking Initiative Position of Professional Skills Organization of Care Network Structures Client-Professional Interaction Frame of Reference Common Meaning Quality, Effectiveness and Efficiency Conceptual Model Directing Role of the Client Context of Position Client Importance of Perception Empowerment Personal Directorship Balance Person-Focused Care Self-Management Integrated Care Participation Informal Care Quality Framework The Elderly Value-Driven Care Interaction with Professional: Autonomy of Client Participation Ladder Importance of Autonomy Personal Directorship Authenticity Presence-Based Model Complexity of Care Quality of Policy Logic Interventions Positive Health Vision of Care Information: Preconditions for Achieving Autonomy Vulnerability Assessment Framework Stamtafel Interdependence Informed Clients Adapting the Environment Impact Technology Create Coherence Strengthening Client Position Wicked Problem Funding Model Cost Control Population Financing Context of Individual Client New Funding Model Pricing Professionalize Entrepreneurship Focus Reflection Shared Decision Making Context of Position Professional Regulatory Space New Business Models Learning Model Game Rules Trust Accountability Interaction with Client: Autonomy of Professional Work Practice Innovation Convergence Artificial Intelligence Healthcare Landscape Information: Preconditions for Achieving Autonomy Responsibility Ehealth Agility Digital Health Management Consumer Driven Care Provision of Information Information Standards Patients Know Best (PKB) Strengthening Position Professionals Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Professionals Start-Up Approach Flexibility Learning Success Perspectives in Healthcare Future-Proof Care Narrative Perspective: De Hoven VVT Institution Self-Managing Perspective: Buurtzorg Network Perspective: Network Structures Client Perspective: Platform Structures Care Technology Perspective: Platformvmz Conclusion Summary References Policy Documents and Reports (2004 – 2021) Editor’s Contact Information Index Blank Page Blank Page