How Open Source Ate Software: Understand The Open Source Movement And So Much More

Description

Learn how free software became open source and how you can sell open source software. This book provides a historical context of how open source has thoroughly transformed how we write software, how we cooperate, how we communicate, how we organize, and, ultimately, how we think about business values. This fully updated second edition includes an entire chapter on legal considerations such as trademarks and the latest happenings in open source licensing. It also expands on open hardware trends such as RISC-V, open governance, and the difference between community projects and commercial products, especially as seen through the lens of security. You’ll look at project and community examples including Linux, BSD, Apache, and Kubernetes, understand the open source development model, and how open source has influenced approaches more broadly, even within proprietary software, such as open betas. You'll also examine the flipside, the "Second Machine Age," and the challenges of open source-based business models. Today, open source serves as shorthand for much broader trends and behaviors. It’s not just about a free (in all senses of the word) alternative to commercial software. It increasingly is the new commercial software. How Open Source Ate Software, second edition reveals how open source has much in common, and is often closely allied, with many other trends in business and society. You'll see how it enables projects that go beyond any individual company. That makes open source not just a story about software, but a story about almost everything. What You'll Learn: • The opportunities that open source creates and the challenges that come with them • The ways in which companies can create business models to successfully sell "free" software • How the open source development model works from creating communities to selling commercial products • The important issues associated with open source project and product governance and licensing • How open source principles can apply more broadly to DevOps and other organizational practices Who This Book Is For: Anyone who is contemplating building a community and a business around open source software. Table of Contents......Page 5 About the Author......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 15 Introduction......Page 16 In the Beginning......Page 18 Ah, Unix......Page 19 No More Free Lunches?......Page 20 PCs Were a Different Culture......Page 22 Breaking Community......Page 23 Free Software Enters the Fray......Page 24 Establishing the Foundations of Free......Page 25 Vertical Silos Everywhere......Page 26 Silos Turn On Their Side......Page 27 Microsoft Swings for the Fences......Page 29 Windows NT Poised to Take It All......Page 30 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out......Page 31 Enter Linux......Page 32 Linux Grows in Popularity......Page 33 Was Linux Inevitable?......Page 34 A New Enterprise IT Model......Page 36 Build or Buy?......Page 37 Disrupting the Status Quo......Page 38 The Rise of Ecosystems......Page 40 Breaking Up Monoliths......Page 41 Linux and Open Source Had Arrived......Page 42 Words Matter......Page 44 The Coining of “Open Source”......Page 45 Pragmatism and Commercialism......Page 46 Projects vs. Products......Page 47 Upstream and Downstream......Page 48 Projects and Products Depend on Each Other......Page 49 Supporting the Complete Life Cycle......Page 50 Securing Open Source......Page 51 Business as Usual: Patch and Automate......Page 52 Does Code Help the Bad Guys?......Page 53 Or Is “Many Eyes” the Secret Sauce?......Page 54 Thinking Differently About Risk......Page 55 Securing the Supply Chain......Page 56 Enter DevSecOps......Page 57 What Is DevSecOps?......Page 58 Trusting the Cloud......Page 59 The Promise of Machine Learning......Page 61 How Do You Get Started?......Page 62 How Copyright Works......Page 63 Can Software Be Copyrighted?......Page 64 Open Source Software Is Copyrighted Too......Page 65 How Do Works Get into the Public Domain?......Page 66 Public Domain Alternatives......Page 67 Licensing (Probably) Isn’t Necessary......Page 68 So Why Licensing?......Page 69 Do You Have to Give Back or Not?......Page 70 Protecting the Commons......Page 71 Permissive Licenses Gain......Page 72 Driving Participation Is the Key......Page 73 Who Can Use It?......Page 74 Ethical Licenses......Page 75 The License Isn’t the Goal......Page 76 What Are Your Policies?......Page 77 Trademarks......Page 78 What’s in a Name?......Page 79 Project or Product......Page 80 Trademark Ownership and Registration......Page 81 The Power of Trademark......Page 83 Patent Claims......Page 84 Are You Infringing?......Page 85 Creating Patent Pools......Page 86 Patents and Licensing......Page 87 When Does It Matter?......Page 88 Open Source Is Also About Development......Page 90 Central vs. Distributed Control......Page 91 A Caveat......Page 92 Participating in Open Source Projects......Page 93 Starting an Open Source Project......Page 94 Doubling Down an Existing Open Source Project......Page 95 Creating an Open Source Program Office......Page 97 Models for Governing Projects......Page 100 Who Decides?......Page 101 Benevolent Dictator for Life......Page 102 Meritocracy......Page 103 Separating Technical and Business Decisions......Page 104 Open First......Page 105 Open Governance......Page 106 Committers......Page 108 Contributors......Page 109 Why You Should Think About More Than Coders......Page 110 Users Get Involved......Page 111 How to Encourage New Contributors......Page 112 Holding Onto Control: An Anti-pattern......Page 113 Mentoring......Page 114 The Importance of Culture......Page 115 Quick Responses......Page 116 Modular Beats Monoliths......Page 117 The Limits of Being Together......Page 118 Best Practices for Distributed Teams......Page 119 It’s About People......Page 120 The Limits of Virtual......Page 121 Measuring Something Changes It......Page 123 What Actually Matters?......Page 124 What Does the Number Mean?......Page 125 Understand Softer Aspects of Community......Page 126 It’s a Bit of a Free-for-All......Page 128 Community Makes It Work......Page 129 Why the Development Model Matters......Page 130 The Machine That Drives Open Source......Page 131 Innovation Through Collective Invention......Page 132 The Economics of Open......Page 133 The Advantages of Collaborative Innovation......Page 134 How Knowledge Gets Shared......Page 135 The Limits of Communication......Page 136 How Communication Affects Software Structure......Page 138 How Contributors Interact in Open Source......Page 139 How Participants Get Started......Page 141 Onboarding and Mentoring......Page 142 Extrinsic Motivation......Page 143 Intrinsic Motivation......Page 145 What Lessons Can We Learn?......Page 146 Why Measure?......Page 147 The Limits of Direct Measures......Page 148 Measurements at Cross-Purposes......Page 149 Understanding Community Health......Page 150 Twelve Areas to Assess......Page 151 A Broader View of Health......Page 153 Reflecting and Informing......Page 155 How Can You Sell Something That You Give Away?......Page 156 Categories of Business Models......Page 158 Getting the Balance Right......Page 159 What Does This Mean for Open Source?......Page 160 Open Core vs. Open Source......Page 161 Are You Taking Advantage of Open Source Development?......Page 162 The Rise of the Independent Software Vendor......Page 163 Open Source Support Arrives......Page 164 Linux Distributions Appear......Page 165 Focusing on Core Competencies......Page 166 Aligning Incentives with Subscriptions......Page 167 From Competition to Coopetition......Page 168 Why Coopetition Has Grown......Page 169 Coopetition and Standards......Page 171 The Need for Speed......Page 172 The Consumerization of IT......Page 173 The DevOps Origin Story......Page 174 Abstractions to Separate Concerns......Page 176 Site Reliability Engineers......Page 177 Platforms and Tooling......Page 178 Process......Page 179 Iteration, Experimentation, and Failure......Page 180 Scope......Page 181 Culture......Page 182 Changing Culture......Page 183 Pervasive Open Source......Page 184 The IT Industry Has Changed......Page 186 The Rise of the Cloud......Page 187 The Amazon Web Services Story......Page 188 Is the Public Cloud the Only Future?......Page 191 Distributing Computing to the (Many) Edges......Page 192 Why Distribute......Page 193 What the Changed Environment Means for Open Source......Page 195 On the Device......Page 196 The New Bundles......Page 197 Users Want Convenience......Page 199 Projects......Page 201 Profit and Broader Value......Page 202 Software Is Generally Devaluing......Page 203 It’s Always Been a Bigger Problem with Open Source......Page 204 Centers of Gravity Shift......Page 205 Is This a Problem?......Page 206 Food for Thought......Page 207 Ecosystems Matter......Page 209 It’s Not Just About the Code......Page 212 Chapter 8: Open Source Opportunities and Challenges......Page 213 Value from Data......Page 214 An Open Map......Page 215 Transparency Through Data......Page 216 Ownership of Data......Page 217 Maintaining Privacy......Page 218 Opening Information......Page 220 Wikipedia......Page 221 Independent Contribution......Page 222 MIT OpenCourseWare......Page 223 MOOCs......Page 224 Collaboration vs. Consumption......Page 226 RISC-V......Page 228 Ham Radio Kicks Off Maker Culture......Page 229 A Shift from Making......Page 230 The New Makers......Page 231 Opening Culture in Organizations......Page 233 Why Do Organizations Exist Anyway?......Page 234 Open Organizations......Page 235 Concluding Thoughts......Page 238 Culture Matters......Page 239 Index......Page 241