Handbook of Colorants Chemistry. Volume 1: Dyes and Pigments Fundamentals

Description

Volume 1 of the Handbook of Colorants Chemistry comprehensively covers the fundamentals of color as well as the underlying scientifi c principles, via the presentation of molecular compositions of inorganic and organic pigments. The author explains the chemical and physical production of color and the infl uence of the physical-geometric pigment parameters on the color shade. This volume also deals with historical and modern pigments, dyes, and binders, as well as their mode of action. The complementary “Volume 2: in Painting, Art and Inks” focuses on paints, painting and drawing systems used by the painter and craftsman. The book is supplemented by a comprehensive bibliography with references to standard works, monographs, and original papers. The reader is provided with a unique overview of the field of color chemistry. Explains the chemical and physical production of color and the influence of the physical-geometric pigment parameters on the color shade. Deals with historical and modern pigments, dyes and binders, as well as their mode of action. Cover Half Title Also of Interest Handbook of Colorants Chemistry. Volume 1: Dyes and Pigments Fundamentals Copyright Dedication Foreword Foreword to the English edition Acknowledgment Table of contents for volume 1 Table of contents for volume 2 1. Introduction 1.1 Further (and underlying) literature 1.2 Pigments as the basis of painting 1.2.1 Pigments of the ancient and early medieval world 1.2.2 Pigments from the late Middle Ages onward 1.2.3 Pigments from Romanticism and Classicism to Classical Modernism 1.2.4 Modern pigments 1.3 Overview of pigments 1.3.1 Color range white, black 1.3.2 Color range yellow-orange-brown 1.3.3 Color range red, purple 1.3.4 Color range blue 1.3.5 Color range green 1.4 Paint systems, definitions Pigments Dyes 1.5 Basic physical processes, spectra 1.5.1 Emission colors 1.5.2 Absorption color 1.5.3 Color by absorption at a band edge 1.5.4 RGB and CMY primaries, tristimulus theory, metamerism 1.6 The interaction of light and matter 1.6.1 Basics of dielectric materials 1.6.2 Microscopic view: the oscillator model 1.6.3 Macroscopic view: absorption 1.6.4 Macroscopic view: Absorption by size-dependent collective excitations, surface plasmons 1.6.5 Macroscopic view: transmission, refraction, dispersion 1.6.6 Macroscopic observation: scattering, reflection, brilliance 1.6.7 Consequences of absorption: metallic luster, metallic colors, bronzing 1.6.8 Consequences of scattering: opacity, white pigments, and depth light 1.7 Summary: physical factors influencing pigment properties 1.7.1 Particle size 1.7.2 Crystal structure and particle shape 2. The chemistry of color 2.1 Chemical absorption mechanisms 2.2 SC: band gap transitions in semiconductors 2.2.1 Valence and conduction band 2.2.2 Color 2.2.3 SC-based chromophores 2.2.4 Influence of lattice width and crystal structure, thermochromism 2.2.4.1 Influence of pressure on lattice width 2.2.4.2 Influence of temperature on lattice width 2.2.4.3 Influence of crystal structure on lattice width 2.2.5 Alloys, solid solutions, and color 2.2.5.1 Lattice width and composition 2.2.5.2 Band structure and composition 2.2.6 Manufacture of semiconductor alloys 2.2.7 Doping and blue diamonds 2.3 LF: splitting d orbitals in a ligand field 2.3.1 Crystal field theory and ligand field theory 2.3.2 Splitting of degenerated d orbitals 2.3.3 Spectroscopic selection rules 2.3.4 Ligand-field splitting in octahedrally coordinated complexes 2.3.5 Influence of ligand field strength 2.3.6 Distortion of the octahedral field, Jahn–Teller effect 2.3.7 Tetrahedral coordination 2.3.8 LF-based chromophores 2.4 CT: Charge transfer transitions 2.4.1 Ligand-to-metal transition and oxygen-to-metal transition 2.4.2 Metal-to-metal transition (MMCT), intervalence transition (IVCT) 2.5 MO: molecular orbital transitions 2.5.1 VB and MO model, resonance structures 2.5.2 Chromophore enlargement, bathochromic shifts 2.5.3 Donor–acceptor chromophores 2.5.3.1 Simple D-A chromophore with carbonyl acceptor 2.5.3.2 Indigoid chromophores 2.5.3.3 Donor-substituted quinones 2.5.3.4 Diazo chromophore 2.5.4 Polyene chromophore 2.5.4.1 Linear polyenes 2.5.4.2 Polyenes substituted with donors and acceptors 2.5.4.3 Polycyclic polyenes 2.5.4.4 Polycyclic quinones 2.5.4.5 Annulenes 2.5.4.6 Porphines and phthalocyanines 2.5.5 Polymethine chromophores 2.5.6 Other chromophores: Sulfide radical ions 2.6 Laking and colored lakes 2.6.1 Structure of the color lakes 2.6.2 Practical procedure 2.6.3 Hue shift 3. Inorganic pigments 3.1 Carbon pigments 3.2 Copper pigments 3.3 Ultramarine pigments 3.4 Oxide and sulfide pigments 3.4.1 Classical heavy metal oxides and sulfides 3.4.2 Iron oxide pigments, ocher 3.4.2.1 Mineralogical basis 3.4.2.2 Color of iron oxides 3.4.2.3 Natural iron oxides 3.4.2.4 Synthetic iron oxides 3.4.2.5 Transparent iron oxides 3.4.3 Complex inorganic color pigments (CICP), mixed metal oxides (MMO) 3.4.3.1 Manufacturing 3.4.3.2 The spinel type 3.4.3.3 The rutile type 3.4.3.4 Hematite and corundum type, other types 3.4.4 Cerium sulfide pigments 3.4.5 Chromium oxide pigments 3.4.6 Titanium oxides and zinc oxides 3.4.7 Cadmium sulfide pigments 3.5 Bismuth pigments 3.6 Chromium pigments 3.6.1 Chromate and molybdate pigments 3.6.2 Chrome green (PG15, CI 77510); fast chrome green (PG48, CI 77600); zinc green 3.7 Iron blue pigments (Prussian Blue, Berlin Blue, Milori Blue, Paris Blue, iron blue, PB27, CI 77510, 77520) 3.8 Various metal pigments 3.8.1 Calcium carbonates 3.8.2 Lead white, flake white, Kremser white, Cremnitz white (PW1) 3.8.3 White sulfates 3.8.4 Miscellaneous colored pigments 3.9 Glasses 3.9.1 Glass coloring 3.9.1.1 Ion coloring 3.9.1.2 Annealing coloring 3.9.2 “Decolorization” of glass, color compensation 3.9.3 Ancient glass coloring 3.9.4 Frit colors 3.9.5 Opaque glass 3.10 Enamel 4. Organic colorants 4.1 Natural organic colorants 4.2 Synthetic organic colorants 4.2.1 Meaning of molecular structure 4.3 Carotenoids 4.3.1 Xanthophylls 4.4 Flavanoids 4.4.1 Origin in metabolism 4.4.2 Classification 4.4.3 Flavan-3-ols (catechins), flavan-3,4-diols, and flavanones 4.4.4 Flavones 4.4.5 Anthocyanins 4.4.6 Neoflavones 4.4.7 Quinone methides 4.4.8 Chalcones and quinochalcones 4.4.9 Cause of color 4.5 Xanthones 4.6 Quinones 4.6.1 Vat dyeing 4.6.2 Natural quinones and naphthoquinones 4.6.3 Natural anthraquinones 4.6.4 Synthetic quinones 4.6.4.1 Hydroxy-anthraquinone 4.6.4.2 Amino-anthraquinone colorants Red Purple Blue 4.6.4.3 Polycyclic anthraquinone pigments 4.6.5 Cause of color 4.7 Indigoid colorants 4.7.1 Natural indigoid colorants 4.7.2 Synthetic indigoide colorants 4.7.3 Dyeing with indigo and derivatives 4.7.4 Cause of color 4.8 Polymethine colorants: di- and triarylmethines, quinone imines 4.8.1 Triarylmethine colorants 4.8.2 Diphenylmethines, diarylmethines, indamine dyes 4.9 Dioxazine pigments 4.10 Phthalocyanine pigments 4.11 Azo colorants (hydrazone colorants) 4.11.1 Azo-hydrazone tautomerism 4.11.2 The diazo component 4.11.3 The coupling component 4.11.4 Classification of azo pigments (hydrazone pigments) 4.11.4.1 Monoazo yellow/monoazo orange pigments (monohydrazone yellow/monohydrazone orange pigments) 4.11.4.2 Disazo pigments (dihydrazone pigments) 4.11.4.3 β-Naphthol pigments 4.11.4.4 Naphthol AS pigments, naphthol red, arylamide red pigments 4.11.5 Cause of chromaticity, blue and green azo colorants 4.11.6 Chronix toxicity, carcinogenicity 4.12 Quinacridone pigments 4.13 Perylene pigments 4.14 Diketopyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP) pigments 4.15 Azomethine, methine or isoindoline pigments Bibliography Index