The Ancient Roman Afterlife: Di Manes, Belief, and the Cult of the Dead

Description

In ancient Rome, it was believed some humans were transformed into special, empowered beings after death. These deified dead, known as the manes, watched over and protected their surviving family members, possibly even extending those relatives’ lives. But unlike the Greek hero-cult, the worship of dead emperors, or the Christian saints, the manes were incredibly inclusive—enrolling even those without social clout, such as women and the poor, among Rome's deities. The Roman afterlife promised posthumous power in the world of the living. While the manes have often been glossed over in studies of Roman religion, this book brings their compelling story to the forefront, exploring their myriad forms and how their worship played out in the context of Roman religion’s daily practice. Exploring the place of the manes in Roman society, Charles King delves into Roman beliefs about their powers to sustain life and bring death to individuals or armies, examines the rituals the Romans performed to honor them, and reclaims the vital role the manes played in the ancient Roman afterlife. Abbreviations of Ancient Authors Abbreviations of Journals and Modern Editions Acknowledgments Preface A) The Afterlife: Interpretive Issues B) The Primacy of the Manes 1. Di Manes: The Godhood of the Dead A) Manes: A General Definition B) The Term Di Manes C) The Manes and Roman Categories of “Gods” 2. Di Manes: The Number of the Gods A) The Plural Form Manes B) The Worship of Individuals C) The Chronology of Worshipping Individua ls D) The Manes of Dis Manibus 3. Who Worshipped Whom? A) The Complex Legacy of Fustel de Coulanges B) Inheritance 1. Scaevola’s Rules 2. Coruncanius’ Rules 3. The Digest C) Inheritance Rules and the Diversity of Worship D) Pietas, Affection, and Loyalty 1. Familial Relationships 2. Extensions of One’s Family 3. The Political “Family” E) Contemporary Focus (and Elite Exceptions) F) Inclusiveness 4. The Manes in the Context of Roman Religion: Beliefs and Variations A) Variation: A Challenge to Interpretation B) The Debate over Defining the Word “Belief” C) Roman Implications of Nondogmatic Belief 1. Polymorphism 2. Pietas: Collective and Individual Relationships 3. Orthopraxy D) An Interpretive Model: Belief Clusters 5. The Powers of the Dead A) Power over Life and Death 1. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for Individuals a. The Extension of Life b. Clusters within Clusters 2. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for the Community a. The Mundus b. The Lupercalia 3. Bringers of Death a. Instruments of Vengeance b. Destroyers of Armies and Cities B) The Power to Monitor the Living 1. Guardians of Oaths 2. Voices from Beyond C) Protectors after Death D) Powers and Worshippers 6. The Manes in the Context of the Funeral A) Ritual Conservatism and the Potential for Generalization B) The Funerary Ritual: Early Stages through the Cremation C) The Afterlife in the Early Stages D) At the Grave: Rites of Worship 1. Dis Manibus Sacrum: A Point of Terminology 2. Creating Sacred Space and Offerings to the Manes 3. The Liberation of the Dead 4. After the Sacrifices E) The Manes at the Funeral 7. Festivals, Ceremonies, and Home Shrines A) The Parentalia 1. Ovid as a Source 2. The Ceremony B) The Lemuria 1. The Ritual Form 2. Belief Cluster: Manes and Lemures C) Personal Observances 1. Home Shrines 2. Further Offerings at the Tomb 3. Lifestyle and Nonritual Offerings D) Rituals: Conclusions 8. Conclusion Appendix 1. The Larvae Appendix 2. The Decline of the Lemuria Notes Bibliography General Index Index Locorum