Audio and Video Systems: Principles, Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Description

Cover Contents Chapter 1. Characteristics of Sound 1.1 Nature of Sound 1.2 Pressure and Intensity of Sound Waves 1.3 Sensitivity of Human Ear for Sound 1.4 Frequency of Sound Waves 1.5 Overtones and Timbre 1.6 Intervals, Octaves and Harmonics 1.7 Pitch 1.8 Resonance Effect in Sound Systems 1.9 Helmholtz Resonator 1.10 Refl ection and Diffraction of Sound Waves Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 2. Microphones 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of a Microphone 2.3 Requisites of a Good Microphone 2.4 Moving-Coil Microphone 2.5 Ribbon Microphone 2.6 Crystal Microphone 2.7 Capacitor (or Condenser) Microphone 2.8 Electret Microphone 2.9 Carbon Microphone 2.10 Comparison of Various Types of Microphones 2.11 Special Microphones Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 3. Loudspeakers 3.1 Characteristics of Loudspeakers 3.2 Moving-Coil Cone-Type Loudspeaker 3.3 Electrodynamic Loudspeaker 3.4 Horn-type or Indirect Radiating Type Loudspeaker 3.5 Comparison between Cone-type and Horn-type Speakers 3.6 Loudspeaker column or line source speakers 3.7 Baffl es and Enclosures 3.8 Multi-way Speaker System (Woofers and Tweeters) 3.9 Crossover Networks 3.10 Consequence of Mismatch between Amplifi er Output and Loudspeaker Impedance Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 4. Gramophone Disc Recording 4.1 Principle of Disc Recording 4.2 Principle of Disc Reproduction 4.3 Block Diagram of a Disc-Recording System 4.4 Block Diagram of Disc-Reproduction System 4.5 Production of Disc Records on Mass Scale 4.6 Types of Grooves 4.7 Construction of Cutter Stylus 4.8 Playback Needles 4.9 Cartridges or Pick-Up Units 4.10 Equalisation in Disc Recording/Playback Systems Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 5. Magnetic Recording 5.1 Principle of Magnetic Recording and Reproduction 5.2 Recorded Wavelength, Gap-Width and Tape Speed 5.3 Need for Biasing 5.4 DC Biasing 5.5 AC Biasing 5.6 Parts of a Tape Recorder 5.7 Tape Transport Mechanism 5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tape Recording 5.9 Block Diagram of Tape Recorder 5.10 Circuit Diagram 5.11 ‘Wow’ and ‘Flutter’ Distortions 5.12 Rumble 5.13 Hissing Noise 5.14 Noise-Reduction Techniques 5.15 Quality of Sound on Tape Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 6. Optical Recording 6.1 Types of Optical Recording of Sound 6.2 Methods of Optical Recording of Sound on Film 6.3 Reproduction of Sound from Films 6.4 Modern Method of Recording of Sound for Movie Films 6.5 Compact Disc 6.6 Optical Recording on Disc 6.7 Playback Process 6.8 Comparison of Compact Discs and Conventional (Gramophone) Discs Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Chapter 7. Audio Amplifi ers 7.1 Types of Audio Amplifi ers 7.2 Characteristics of Audio Amplifi ers 7.3 Amplifi er Circuits 7.4 Negative Feedback in Amplifi ers 7.5 Peak Music Power Output (PMPO) 7.6 Controls in Audio Amplifi ers 7.7 Special Types of Tone Controls Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 8. Noise and Distortion 8.1 Noise 8.2 Methods of Reducing Noise 8.3 Distortion 8.4 Methods of Reducing Distortion Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Chapter 9. High-Fidelity (or Hi-fi ) 9.1 Fidelity 9.2 High-Fidelity or Hi-fi 9.3 High Signal-to-Noise Ratio 9.4 Flat Frequency Response 9.5 Low Non-linear Distortion 9.6 Large Dynamic Range 9.7 Creating Sense of Direction 9.8 Creating a Pleasing Environment Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 10. Stereophony 10.1 Meaning of Stereophony 10.2 Stereophony in the Human System of Hearing 10.3 Difference between Stereophony and Monophony 10.4 Ideal Stereo System 10.5 Practical Stereo System 10.6 Quadraphonic and Surround-Sound Systems 10.7 Stereo Recording on Tape and Reproduction 10.8 Tape Cartridge and Cassette Tape 10.9 Hi-fi Stereo Reproducing System 10.10 Stereo Controls Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Chapter 11. Public Address System 11.1 Need and Use 11.2 Block Diagram 11.3 Requirements of a Public Address System 11.4 Typical PA Installation Planning 11.5 PA System for a Public Meeting (Large Gathering) 11.6 PA System for an Auditorium having Large Capacity 11.7 PA System for a Debating Hall 11.8 PA System for a Football Stadium 11.9 PA System for College Sports Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 12. Acoustic Reverberation 12.1 Reverberation 12.2 Necessity of Reverberation 12.3 Typical Reverberation Periods 12.4 Factors on which Reverberation Time Depends 12.5 Absorption Coeffi cients 12.6 Growth and Decay of Sound in an Enclosure 12.7 Insulation 12.8 Acoustics of Auditoriums Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 13. Television Fundamentals 13.1 Elements of TV Communication System 13.2 Scanning 13.3 Synchronisation 13.4 Aspect Ratio 13.5 Picture Elements (Pixels) 13.6 Resolution 13.7 Bandwidth 13.8 Composite Video Signal 13.9 Modulation of Video Signals 13.10 Modulation of Audio Signals 13.11 Monochrome TV Camera Tubes 13.12 Colour Cameras 13.13 Compatibility 13.14 Lumminance Signal 13.15 Chrominance Signal 13.16 Picture Tubes 13.17 Solid State Picture Transducers 13.18 TV Broadcasting Systems 13.19 Video Monitors 13.20 Wide-Dimension High Defi nition TV 13.21 MAC Encoder 13.22 MAC Receiver and Decoder 13.23 Direct-to-Home (DTH) TV 13.24 Cable Television (CATV) 13.25 Digital TV System Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 14. Television Standards 14.1 Defi nition 14.2 Need of a TV Standard 14.3 Reasons of TV Standards Being Different in Different Countries 14.4 Different TV Standards 14.5 Similarities and Variations in Standards 14.6 International Use of TV Standards Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Numerical Problems Answers Chapter 15. Video Recording on Magnetic Tape 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Principle of Video Recording 15.3 Relationship between Tape Speed and Bandwidth 15.4 Problems in Video Recording on Tape 15.5 Rotating Heads 15.6 Need of Frequency Modulation for Video Recording 15.7 Helical Recording 15.8 Recording of Luminance and Colour Signals on the Same Track 15.9 Principle of Reproduction of Video Signals in a VCR 15.10 Block Diagram of a VCR 15.11 Video Cassette Player (VCP) 15.12 Connection of VCR to TV Receiver 15.13 VCR Formats 15.14 VHS 15.15 Betamax 15.16 Video-2000 15.17 U-Matic 15.18 8 mm Tape 15.19 Electronic News Gathering (ENG) 15.20 VCR Nomenclature: (1/2¢¢ VCR, 3/4¢¢ VCR and 1¢¢ VCR) 15.21 VCR Controls Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Chapter 16. Video Recording on Discs 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Video Compact Disc (VCD) 16.3 Digital Video Disc (DVD) 16.4 Techniques Used to Increase Capacity in DVD 16.5 DVD Features 16.6 DVD Applications Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Chapter 17. Troubleshooting in Audio and Video Equipment 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Modern Electronic Equipment 17.3 Maintenance Policy 17.4 Maintenance Aids for Fault Diagnosis 17.5 Procedure of Servicing and Maintenance 17.6 Shielding and Grounding 17.7 Fault Location 17.8 Identifying the Faulty Component in the Faulty Stage 17.9 Some Common Faults in Components 17.10 Intermittent Faults 17.11 Troubleshooting in a Power Supply Unit 17.12 Troubleshooting in a Public Address System 17.13 Troubleshooting in a Stereo Amplifi er 17.14 Troubleshooting in Audio Cassette Tape Recorders 17.15 Troubleshooting in VCRs 17.16 Troubleshooting in DVD Players Summary Review Questions Short-Answer Questions Multiple-Choice Questions Answers Appendices Index