Protein Modificomics: From Modifications to Clinical Perspectives

Description

Protein Modificomics: From Modifications to Clinical Perspectives comprehensively deals with all of the most recent aspects of post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, including discussions on diseases involving PTMs, such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, X-linked spinal muscular atrophy-2, aneurysmal bone cyst, angelman syndrome and OFC10. The book also discusses the role PTMs play in plant physiology and the production of medicinally important primary and secondary metabolites. The understanding of PTMs in plants helps us enhance the production of these metabolites without greatly altering the genome, providing robust eukaryotic systems for the production and isolation of desired products without considerable downstream and isolation processes. Provides thorough insights into the post translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins in both the plant and animal kingdom Presents diagrammatic representations of various protein modification and estimation mechanisms in four-colorIncludes coverage of diseases involving post translational modifications Cover PROTEIN MODIFICOMICS From Modifications to Clinical Perspectives Copyright Contributors Preface 1 Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins and Their Role in Biological Processes and Associated Diseases Introduction Major Posttranslational Modifications Acetylation Glycosylation and Glycation Hydroxylation Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Methylation Amidation Palmitoylation Myristoylation Prenylation Proteolytic Cleavage Functions of Posttranslational Modifications Role of PTM in Apoptosis and Cancer Regulation of Apoptosis by Posttranslational Modifications of Caspases Role in Cancer Role of PTM in Signaling Diseases Associated With Posttranslational Modifications Relation Between Mutated Posttranslational Modification Sites and Diseases Acetylation and Related Diseases Glycosylation and Related Diseases PTM of Proteins During Intermittent Hypoxia Role of Posttranslational Modifications in Protein-Protein Interaction Role of PTMs in Replication Ubiquitinylation by Unperturbed DNA Replication PTMs of Replication Protein A Role of PTMs in Transcription Regulation of Activity of Transcription Factor by PTMs Role of PTMs in Translation Chemical and Functional Aspects of Protein PTMs Role of PTMs in Histone Modification Conclusion and Future Prospectus References Further Reading 2 Clinical Perspective of Posttranslational Modifications Introduction Glycosylation Congenital Diseases Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDGs) Congenital Muscular Dystrophies (CMDs) Neurodegenerative Diseases Cancer Acetylation Phosphorylation Carbonylation Methylation Hydroxylation Nitration Sulfation Palmitoylation Conclusion and Future Perspective References 3 Phosphorylation and Acetylation of Proteins as Posttranslational Modification: Implications in Human Health and Associated ... Introduction Phosphorylation Heat Shock Protein (Hsp27) KRAS NF-κB and IκB Cytochrome c (Cyt-c) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor P53 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α (elf2α) Tau Protein Insulin Resistant Substrate Protein (IRS-1) Protein Acetylation Histone Acetylation Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Protein Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) Hsp 90 Pyruvate Kinase Huntingtin Protein (Htt Protein) Conclusion and Future Prospects References 4 Protein Modifications and Lifestyle Disorders Introduction Deregulated Adipocyte Proteome in Obesity Proteostasis in Diabetes Protein Modification in Cardiovascular Diseases Modified Proteome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Conclusion and Future Aspects References Further Reading 5 Ubiquitin Mediated Posttranslational Modification of Proteins Involved in Various Signaling Diseases Introduction Ubiquitination in Inflammatory Pathways Implications of UPS in Cancer E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Development of Cancer p53-Associated E3 Ligases Mdm2 E6-AP ARF-BP1 COP1 Pirh2 Other E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in Cancer Development SKP1-Cullin 1-F-Box Protein (SCF) E3 Ligases BRCA1 /BARD1 as an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Tumor Suppressor Gene Nedd4-Like E3 Ligases Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes (DUBs) in Cancer Herpes Associated Ubiquitin Specific Protease (HAUSP) or USP7 Usp28 USP9x USP2a A20 CYLD E3 Ligases in Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) Implications of UPS in Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer's Disease Parkinson's Disease (PD) Huntington's Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Angelman Syndrome Implications of UPS in Renal Disorders Liddle Syndrome Ischemic Acute Renal Failure Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 6 Role of Glycosylation in Modulating Therapeutic Efficiency of Protein Pharmaceuticals Introduction Challenges Associated With Protein Pharmaceuticals Physical Instability Aggregation Solubility Issue Chemical Degradation Degradation by Proteases Protein Glycosylation and Its Pharmacological Significance Modulation of Therapeutically Important Properties of Proteins by Glycoengineering Physical and Chemical Properties Aggregation Half-Life Extension Immunogenicity Protein Drug Delivery Diagnostic Therapeutics Conclusion and Future Direction References 7 Posttranslational Modification of Heterologous Human Therapeutics in Plant Host Expression Systems Introduction N-Glycosylation as a Major Posttranslational Modification Factors Affecting the Natural Glycosylation of Plant-Farmed Human Pharmaceuticals Subcellular Compartmentalization The Protein Structures Environmental and Physiological Factors Plant Cell Culture Versus Whole Plant Cultivation for Biopharmaceutical Production Developing Humanized and Improved Glycoproteins Glycoengineering: Concept of ``Biobetters´´ and ``Biosimilars´´ Success Stories Ebola Virus Infection Gaucher's Disease Monoclonal Antibodies Vaccines Benefits of Plant Expression System Limitations of Plant Expression System Conclusion and Future Prospects References 8 Protein Modification in Plants in Response to Abiotic Stress Introduction Abiotic Stress in Plants Types of Abiotic Stress in Plants and the Proteins Involved Therein Drought Stress and Associated Proteins Cold Stress and Cold-Induced Proteins Salinity Stress and the Proteins Induced Thereby Heat Stress and Heat Shock Induced Proteins Heavy Metal Stress and the Proteins Involved Flooding Stress in Plants Protein Modification in Plants in Response to Stress Phosphorylation Acetylation Glycosylation Succinylation Ubiquitination S-Nitrosylation and Tyrosine Nitration Conclusion and Future Perspective References Further Reading 9 Posttranslational Modifications Associated With Cancer and Their Therapeutic Implications Introduction Posttranslational Modifications That Regulate the Mdm2-p53 Interaction Modification of Retionblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein (pRB) and Its Association to Cell Cycle Progression Regulation of NF-κB by Various Posttranslational Modifications Regulation of Gene Expression Via Histone and Histone Deacetylase Modifications Deregulation of Tyrosine Kinase by Posttranslational Modifications Posttranslational Modifications in Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK in MAPK Pathway Modification of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Phosphorylation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Their Therapeutic Implications Posttranslational Modification in Cadherins Prenylation and G-Protein Coupled Receptors Summary and Future Perspectives References 10 Nonenzymatic Posttranslational Protein Modifications: Mechanism and Associated Disease Pathologies Introduction Carbamylation Mechanism Contribution to Diseases Chronic Kidney Disease Cardiovascular Disease Sickle Cell Disease and Cataracts Rheumatoid Arthritis Other Pathologies Carbonylation Mechanism Contribution in Diseases Alzheimer's Disease Chronic Lung Disease Disuse Muscle Atrophy Chronic Renal Failure Diabetes N-Homocysteinylation Mechanism Contribution to Diseases Tau Homocysteinylation Prion Protein S-Nitrosylation Mechanism Contribution to Diseases Neurodegeneration Cancer Glycation Mechanism Contribution to Diseases Diabetic Complications Retinopathy Cardiomyopathy Alzheimer's Disease Parkinson's Disease Summary Acknowledgment References 11 Protein Covalent Modification by Homocysteine: Consequences and Clinical Implications Introduction Homocysteine and Protein Homocysteinylation Protein S-Homocysteinylation Protein N-Homocysteinylation HTL Induced Covalent Modification Leads to Molten Globule State Formation N-Homocysteinylation-Induced Structural Alteration is Protein Dependent Reactivity Toward HTL-Induced Covalent Modification N-Homocysteinylation Induces Aggregate or Amyloid Formation Functional Consequences of N-Homocysteinylation Effect on the Reservoir Proteins Homocystinuria/Hyperhomocysteinemia: Condition Persisting for Protein Modifications Clinical Complications Associated With Elevated Hcy Homocystinuria is Associated With Various Birth Defects Increased Hcy and Megaloblastic Anemia Hyperhomocysteinemia Results in Cardiovascular Complications Hcy and Renal Failure Hcy and Bone Deformation Elevated Hcy Levels are Associated With Cancer Low Plasma Folate Predisposes to Cancer Cancer Patients Have High Plasma Hcy Cancer Patients Develop Thromboembolism Due to Hcy Toxicity Elevated Hcy Levels and Its Association With NDs Conclusions and Future Prospects References Further Reading 12 Posttranslational Modifications in Algae: Role in Stress Response and Biopharmaceutical Production Introduction Posttranslational Modifications in Algae With Respect to Stress Response Phosphorylation and Stress Ubiquitination and Stress SUMOylation and Stress Psychrophilic Microalga and PTM Posttranslational Modification of Therapeutic Proteins in Microalgae Algae as an Emerging Recombinant Protein Production Platform Posttranslational Modification in Perspective of Expression of Therapeutic Proteins in Algae Posttranslational Modification in Algae Derived Therapeutic Proteins Conclusion and Future Prospects References Further Reading 13 Protein Glycosylation: An Important Tool for Diagnosis or Early Detection of Diseases Introduction Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Quest for Clinical Biomarkers Protein Glycosylation and Related Disorders Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Age Related Glycosylation Disorders Glycosylation in Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications Technological Approaches in Analysis of Protein Glycosylation Preparation and Enrichment of Glycoproteins Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Glycoproteome Analysis Conclusions and Future Prospectus References Further Reading Index A C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U Z Back Cover