Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management

Description

CLIMATE IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Climate change has emerged as one of the predominant global concerns of the 21st century. Statistics show that the average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by about 1.18°C since the late 19th century and the sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers. Further rise in the global temperature will have dire consequences for the survival of humans on the planet Earth. There is a need to monitor climatic data and associated drivers of changes to develop sustainable planning. The anthropogenic activities that are linked to climate change need scientific evaluation and must be curtailed before it is too late. This book contributes significantly in the field of sustainable natural resource management linked to climate change. Up to date research findings from developing and developed countries like India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the USA have been presented through selected case studies covering different thematic areas. The book has been organised into six major themes of sustainable natural resource management, determinants of forest productivity, agriculture and climate change, water resource management and riverine health, climate change threat on natural resources, and linkages between natural resources and biotic-abiotic stressors to develop the concept and to present the findings in a way that is useful for a wide range of readers. While the range of applications and innovative techniques is constantly increasing, this book provides a summary of findings to provide the updated information. This book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the field of environmental sciences, remote sensing, geographical information system, meteorology, sociology and policy studies related to natural resource management and climate change. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Foreword Preface Section 1 Sustainable Natural Resource Management Chapter 1 Impact of Local REDD+ Intervention on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Tropical Deforestation 1.1.2 REDD+ 1.1.3 REDD+ in Indonesia 1.2 Materials and Methods 1.2.1 Spatial Dataset 1.2.2 Carbon Stock in Each Land Cover Class 1.2.3 Change in Carbon Stock and CO2 Emission 1.2.4 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 1.3 Results 1.3.1 Annual GHG Emissions 1.3.2 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 1.4 Discussion 1.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement Author Contribution List of Appendix 1.A References Chapter 2 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Natural Resource Management 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Natural Resource Management 2.2.1 Forest Management 2.2.2 Water Resource Management 2.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring 2.2.4 Agriculture 2.2.5 Combating Desertification 2.2.6 Biodiversity Management 2.3 LiDAR Technology 2.4 Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing 2.5 Machine Learning Tools for Natural Resource Management 2.6 Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Natural Resource Management 2.7 Google Earth Engine as a Platform for Environmental Monitoring and NRM 2.8 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Estimation of Snow Cover Area Using Microwave SAR Dataset 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification Technique 3.2.1 Unsupervised Classification 3.2.2 Supervised Classification 3.3 Statistical Parameters 3.3.1 Mean 3.3.2 Standard Deviation 3.3.3 Coefficient Variance 3.3.4 Equivalence Number of Looks (ENL) 3.4 Error and Accuracy Assessment 3.4.1 Confusion Matrix 3.4.2 Commission Error 3.4.3 Omission Error 3.5 Study Area 3.6 Methodology 3.7 Result and Discussion 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Section 2 Determinants of Forest Productivity Chapter 4 Forest Cover Change Detection Across Recent Three Decades in Persian Oak Forests Using Convolutional Neural Network 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Study Area 4.2.2 Dataset 4.2.3 Image Pre-processing 4.2.4 Image Classification 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 5 The Interlinked Mechanisms of Productivity for Developing Process-Based Forest Growth Models 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Productivity: Definition and Associated Components 5.3 Various Processes and Components Driving Forest Productivity 5.3.1 Photosynthesis 5.3.2 Light Interception 5.3.3 Stomatal Conductance 5.3.4 Leaf Area Index 5.3.5 Gas-Exchange 5.3.6 Plant Respiration 5.3.7 Hydrology 5.3.8 Nitrogen Cycle 5.3.9 Litterfall 5.4 Different Approaches to Productivity Assessment 5.5 Evolution of Process-Based Models 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Allometric Equations for the Estimation of Biomass and Carbon in the Sub-tropical Pine Forests of India 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Species of Pine in India and its Associates 6.1.2 Uses of Chirpine 6.2 Chir Pine – a Boon or Bane? 6.3 Forest Carbon and Forest Biomass 6.4 Composition of Forest Biomass 6.4.1 Indian Forest Biomass and Carbon Estimates 6.4.2 Importance of Forest Biomass Estimation 6.5 Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation 6.5.1 How Are Allometric Equations Developed? 6.6 Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Chir Pine Forests of India Using Allometric Equations 6.7 Conclusion References Section 3 Agriculture and Climate Change Chapter 7 Characterization of Stress-Prone Areas for Dissemination of Suitable Rice Varieties and their Adoption in Eastern India: An Integrated Approach toward Food Security 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Characterization of Stress-Prone (Flood and Drought) Areas in Eastern India: Geo-Spatial Based Studies (Submergence and Drought) 7.1.2 Eastern India (Submergence Study – Assam) 7.1.3 Eastern India (Drought Study – Uttar Pradesh) 7.1.4 Rice-Growing Environments in India and Constraints 7.1.5 Abiotic Stress in the Context of Rice Production 7.2 Materials and Method (for Submergence-prone: Assam) 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.4 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Farmers’ Perspective and Adaptation Efforts to Tackle the Impacts of Climate Change 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.3 Results and Analysis 8.3.1 Trends in Rainfall Patterns 8.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farmers 8.4 Understanding the Farmer’s Perception of Climate Change 8.5 Adaptation Efforts 8.6 Conclusion References Section 4 Water Resource Management and Riverine Health Chapter 9 Multicriteria Drought Severity Analysis in Monaragala District Sri Lanka by Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.2.1 Study Area 9.2.2 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques 9.3 Meteorological Drought of Monaragala District 9.4 Agricultural Drought of Monaragala District 9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 9.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) 9.5 Hydrological Drought of Monaragala District 9.6 Drought Risk Area Map of Monaragala District 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 9.8 Conclusion 9.9 Recommendation References Chapter 10 Comparative Evaluation of Predicted Hydrologic Response Under Two Extremities of Sustainability Using Transformed Landuse-Landcover and CORDEX-Based Climatic Scenarios: A Case Study of Kangshabati River Basin, West Bengal 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A Brief Account of the Kangshabati River Basin, the Study Area 10.3 Data and Methodological Description 10.3.1 Model Data Input 10.3.2 Land Change Scenarios Using Idrisi Land Change Modeler (LCM) 10.3.3 SWAT Model Setup for Simulating Hydrologic Responses 10.4 Results and Observations 10.4.1 Trends in Climatic Indicators 10.4.2 Trends in Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios 10.4.3 Trends in Volumetric Runoff 10.4.4 Trends in Surface Runoff 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Riverine Health a Function of Riverscape Variable: A Case Study of the River Ganga in Varanasi 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Material and Methods 11.2.1 Study Area 11.2.2 Data Collection 11.2.3 Statistical Analysis 11.3 Result and Discussion 11.3.1 Land Use and Water Quality 11.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity 11.3.3 Land Use and Societal Perceptions 11.4 Conclusions References Section 5 Climate Change Threat on Natural Resources Chapter 12 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Trends in Climate Variables 12.3 Welfare Impact of Climate Change 12.4 Impact on Agriculture 12.5 Impact of Climate Change on Society 12.5.1 Food Security 12.5.2 Labor Productivity 12.5.3 Health and Nutrition 12.5.4 Adaptation Risk and Potential 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13 The Political Economy of Vulnerable Environment in the Age of Climate Change 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Climate Change in Kerala 13.3 Climate and Sea Level Change Projections 13.4 Natural Disasters Associated with Climate Change 13.5 The Political Economy of Climate Change and Associated Disasters 13.6 Who Are the Affected? 13.7 Conclusion and Suggestions References Chapter 14 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia: Explore the Impact of the LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST)Using Remote Sensing 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Effectiveness of Usage of Satellite Imagery in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change 14.3 The Impact of LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) 14.4 Methodology 14.4.1 Cameron Highlands 14.4.2 Data Collection 14.4.3 Field Verification 14.4.4 Image Processing 14.5 Land Use/Cover Changes in Cameron Highland from 2009 to 2019 14.5.1 Accuracy Assessment 14.6 Land Surface Temperature Analysis of Comparative Sensors between Landsat Satellite Data and MODIS 14.7 The LULC Effect on LST in Cameron Highlands 14.8 Conclusions References Section 6 Linkages between Natural Resources and Biotic-Abiotic Stressors Chapter 15 Emerging Roles of Osmoprotectants in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Response Under Changing Climatic Conditions 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Role of Osmoprotectant Under Abiotic Stress 15.3 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Drought Stress 15.4 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Salinity Stress 15.5 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Cold Stress 15.6 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Submergence Stress 15.7 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Low Light Stress 15.8 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectants Under Multiple Abiotic Stress 15.9 Approaches to Improve Osmoprotectants to Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance 15.10 Metabolic Engineering Approach 15.11 Future Prospect for Osmoprotectants Under Changing Climatic Conditions References Chapter 16 Growth Variability of Conifers in Temperate Region of Western Himalayas 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Material and Methods 16.2.1 Study Area 16.2.2 Collection of Core Samples 16.3 Results 16.4 Discussion 16.4.1 Species-Wise 16.4.2 Site-Wise 16.4.3 Diameter Class-Wise 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17 Process-Based Carbon Sequestration Study with Reference to the Energy-Water-Carbon Flux in a Forest Ecosystem 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Concept of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) 17.3 History of Flux Measurements and Recent Advances-Different Methods 17.4 Exchange Flux Measurements over Forest Ecosystems 17.4.1 Fast Response System: Eddy Covariance or Eddy Correlation Measurements 17.4.2 Slow-Response System 17.5 Ecosystem Flux Measurements Network Worldwide and Indian Scenario 17.5.1 The Worldwide Network: The FLUXNET 17.5.2 Scenario in India and Prospects 17.5.3 The Proposed Concept of IndoFlux 17.6 State of the Current Knowledge at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 17.7 Research Gaps and Future Needs 17.8 Conclusion References Index EULA