Ginger’s Antimicrobial, Anti-nausea and Anti-osteoarthritic Activities

Description

"Ginger has a strong reputation as an anti-nausea agent but our understanding of the roles played by its important biological constituents (gingerols and shogaols) as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents has not been examined in detail. This seriesof monographs seeks to look first at how and why ginger was used as an ethnomedicine and how this expanded into general antimicrobial studies. One cardinal use for ginger and its constituents may be in the topical management of osteoarthritis. Given the widespread nature of this condition and ginger's ability to block pain receptors it may join other molecules such as capsaicin in this mode of treatment"-- Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Ginger and the Gastrointestinal Tract: Bioactive Effector Molecules and Possible Future Uses Abstract Introduction Gingerol and Shogaol Chemistry and Availability Metabolism and Bioavailability of Gingerols and Shogaols Ginger, Nausea and Emesis: Reviewing the Evidence Ginger and Nausea: Evidence from Human Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Molecular Mechanismsof Nausea and Emesis Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology and Management Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Pathophysiology and Treatment Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting: Pathophysiology and Treatment Mechanisms of Anti-Emetic and Anti-Nausea Action of Gingerols and Shogaols: Implications for NVP, CINV and PONV Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Pregnancy-Induced Vomiting Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Chemotherapy-Induced Vomiting Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Post-Operative Vomiting Probiotic Effects of Gingerols and Shogaols: Important in Managing NVP and CINV Strategies to Standardize and Deliver Gingerols and Shogaols Current State of the Art of Semi-Synthetic Forms of Gingerols and Shogaols Current State of the Art in the Development of Stabilized Gingerols and Shogaols Gingerol and Shogaol Nanoparticles as Potential Tumoricidal Agents and to Remediate Intestinal Inflammation Stabilized Shogaol Micelles as Tumoricidal Agents Other Methodologies for Stabilizing Gingerol as an Antioxidant and Tumoricidal Agent Conclusion and Potential Future Directions Potential for Gingerol and Shogaol in the Management of Neoplastic Disease Potential for Gingerol and Shogaol in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease References Chapter 2 Ginger as an Antibacterial Agent Abstract Introduction Antibacterial Compounds of Ginger Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Skin and Joint Infections Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Other Notable Bacterial Agents in Skin and Joint Infections Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Respiratory Infections Effects of Ginger on Multiple Respiratory Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale on Diseases of the Digestive System Escherichia coli Helicobacter pylori Salmonella typhi Other Gastrointestinal Bacterial Pathogens Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Oral Infections Streptococcus mutans Lactobacillus Conclusion References Chapter 3 Ginger as an Antifungal Agent Abstract Introduction Ecological Relationships Underpin Mechanisms of Fungal Action Antifungal Activity of Ginger Essential Oil (EO) Pathogenic Human Disease: Ginger as Antifungal Agent for Immunocompromised Populations Immunocompromised Populations at Risk for Fungal Resistance and Side Effects of Current Pharmaceutical Treatments Ginger as an Effective Antifungal Agent for Aspergillosis Ginger as an Effective Antifungal Agent for Candidiasis Vaginal Candidiasis Oral Candidiasis Traditional Use to Clinical Trial: An Example Conclusion References Chapter 4 Ginger as an Antiviral Agent Abstract Introduction Ginger as an Agent against Human Respiratory Viruses SARS-CoV-2 Influenza Viruses Rhinovirus Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Ginger as an Agent against Human Non-Respiratory Viruses Herpes Simplex Virus Norovirus Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis C Virus Human Papillomavirus Dengue Virus Ginger as an Agent against Non-Human Viruses Newcastle Disease Virus Tobacco Mosaic Virus Fig Leaf Mottle Associated Virus 1 Conclusion and Unanswered Questions References Chapter 5 Ginger and Osteoarthritis: Current Evidence for Efficacy and Possible Future Uses for Effective Delivery Systems Abstract Introduction Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology Synoviocyte Activation as an Initiating Event IL-1β Is Central to Decreased OA Cartilage Integrity OA Is an Inflammatory Disease Involving NO and ROS RANKL Activation Results in Mobilization of Arachidonic Acid Mediators Cartilage Matrix Breakdown Involves the WNT/β Catenin Pathway Gingerols, Shogaols and Enriched Ginger Extract and OA: In Vitro and Animal Studies In Vitro Studies of Ginger and Its Components on OA Cells In Vivo Preclinical (Animal) Studies of Ginger and Its Components on Experimental Arthritis Models In Vitro and Animal Data Suggest Gingerols and Shogaols Inhibit Multiple OA Pathways OA Synoviocyte Activation and Inflammatory Cell Influx is Reduced or Prevented OA Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Cartilage Turnover Are Reduced or Prevented OA Reactive Bone Thickening is Reduced or Prevented Human Data for Ginger and OA Have Produced Conflicting Data Conclusion and Potential Ways Forward for Ginger TLR-4, Nrf2 and WNT/β Catenin Activities: Three Reasons to Develop 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogoal for OA Could 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol Be Developed into Oral Medicinal AGENTS? Transdermal Delivery for 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol Represents an Optimal Safe Use for OA Patients Final Thoughts References Editor’s Contact Information Index Blank Page Blank Page