Towards a Westphalia for the Middle East

Description

It was the original forever war, which went on interminably, fuelled by religious fanaticism, personal ambition, fear of hegemony, and communal suspicion. It dragged in all the neighbouring powers. It was punctuated by repeated failed ceasefires. It inflicted suffering beyond belief and generated waves of refugees. No, this is not Syria today, but the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), which turned Germany and much of central Europe into a disaster zone. The Thirty Years' War is often cited as a parallel in discussions of the Middle East. The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the conflict in 1648, has featured strongly in such discussions, usually with the observation that recent events in some parts of the region have seen the collapse of ideas of state sovereignty—ideas that supposedly originated with the 1648 settlement. Axworthy, Milton and Simms argue that the Westphalian treaties, far from enshrining state sovereignty, in fact reconfigured and strengthened a structure for legal resolution of disputes, and provided for intervention by outside guarantor powers to uphold the peace settlement. This book argues that the history of Westphalia may hold the key to resolving the new long wars in the Middle East today. Contents Foreword • Michael Axworthy Preface • Nora Müller and Elisabeth von Hammerstein, the Körber Foundation Preface • Ralf Beste and Maike Thier, Federal Foreign Office of Germany Maps PART I: CHALLENGES 1. Introduction: The Relevance of the Thirty Years War and Westphalia for the Middle East Today 2. Challenges and Crises in the Middle East PART II: HISTORIES 3. From Religious Peace to the Thirty Years War: Multiple Crises in Europe and the Holy Roman Empire, 1555–1648 4. The Peace Congress of Münster and Osnabrück (1643–1648) and the Westphalian Order (1648–1806) PART III: SOLUTIONS 5. Parallels and Analogies 6. Lessons for the Middle East: Peacemaking Mechanisms, Diplomatic Techniques and a New Regional Order Notes Index