Probability and Mechanics of Ship Collision and Grounding

Description

Probability and Mechanics of Ship Collision and Grounding provides simplified analytical procedures for ship collision and grounding assessments, including probabilistic methods, an estimation of the energy released during collisions, and a prediction of the extent of damage on involved structures. An additional chapter is dedicated to current finite element analysis techniques that are used for estimating structural damage during ship collisions. The book encapsulates reliable and fast analysis methods for collision and grounding assessment, presenting tactics that have been extensively validated with experimental and numerical results. In addition, all described analysis methods include realistic calculation examples to provide confidence in their use. Cover......Page 1 Probability and Mechanics of Ship Collision and Grounding ......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Risk based analyses......Page 8 Risk acceptance criteria......Page 9 Probability of ship-ship collisions......Page 11 Ship traffic distribution......Page 13 Collisions in crossing waterways......Page 18 Head-on and overtaking collisions......Page 23 Collisions in bends of the seaway......Page 24 Estimation of the causation factor Pc......Page 25 Effect of aversive manoeuvres......Page 28 Calculation examples......Page 29 Probability of ship collisions against offshore structures......Page 32 Quantitative assessment of ship collision probability......Page 33 Probability of ship collision events......Page 34 Calculation examples......Page 39 Probability of ship collisions against bridges......Page 41 Critical meeting situations......Page 43 Ship-bridge collision probability analysis......Page 50 Acceptance criteria and Heinrich factor......Page 56 Calculation example......Page 59 Probability of ship grounding......Page 61 Model for estimation of ship grounding frequency......Page 62 An application of the grounding frequency analysis......Page 64 Concluding remarks......Page 65 References......Page 66 Coupled analysis based on time simulations......Page 69 Uncoupled analytical procedures......Page 72 Motions of Ship A......Page 73 Motions of Ship B......Page 74 Relative motions of the Ship A and the Ship B......Page 75 Determination of the impact impulse......Page 77 Energy released for crushing of ship structures......Page 78 Velocities at the end of the collision......Page 80 Summary of the formulations for ship-ship collision analysis......Page 81 Added mass coefficients of the surrounding water......Page 82 Effective mass coefficients of internal liquid on ship......Page 84 Effective friction coefficient for ship collisions in sliding case......Page 85 Comparison between the analytical method and numerical simulations......Page 86 Model-scale perpendicular collision experiment......Page 88 Model-scale oblique collision experiments......Page 91 Model-scale collision experiments carrying liquid with free surface......Page 93 Full-scale experiments......Page 96 Effect of the roll motion of the struck ship......Page 97 Hand calculation exercise: Simplified outer collision mechanics for ship-ship collisions......Page 102 Ship collision with offshore platforms or wind turbines......Page 104 Ship collision with semisubmersibles......Page 106 Ship collision with spar platforms......Page 108 Calculation examples for a ship collision with a Tension Leg Platform......Page 111 Analytical formulation for ship collisions with fixed offshore structures (or wind turbines)......Page 114 Calculation example for fixed platforms......Page 119 Analytical formulation......Page 122 Verification......Page 124 Calculation example......Page 125 Ship collision with gravity supported foundations......Page 126 Numerical example for gravity supported foundations......Page 129 Ship collision with ice......Page 130 Analytical formulation......Page 131 Calculation example......Page 132 External mechanics of ship grounding events......Page 133 Simplified outer mechanics of ship grounding on hard sea beds......Page 134 Phase I. Change in momentum at time t=0......Page 135 Phase II. The sliding motion......Page 138 Model experiments......Page 141 Numerical example: Grounding of a 4000 DWT ship in ballast......Page 143 Sectional forces after grounding......Page 144 Analysis of groundings on soft sea beds......Page 150 References......Page 151 Empirical methods......Page 154 Experimental methods......Page 156 Simplified analytical methods......Page 158 Materials properties......Page 162 Temperature effects......Page 166 Strain rate effects......Page 167 Uncertainties in materials properties......Page 170 Collapse analysis theorems......Page 172 Formulation of the upper-bound method......Page 173 Introduction......Page 176 Plates subjected to lateral point loads......Page 177 Line loads......Page 181 Patch loads (eccentric impact)......Page 182 Circular plate subjected to lateral patch loads......Page 183 Bulbous bow impact on shell plating......Page 184 Critical deflection of the shell plate at initial rupture......Page 187 Example 1......Page 190 Example 3......Page 194 Analysis method......Page 195 Membrane energy rate......Page 196 The total energy and crushing force......Page 197 Subsequent folding......Page 198 Concertina folding/tearing......Page 199 Analysis formulas......Page 201 MIT crushing experiment......Page 203 Drop impacting experiment......Page 204 Analysis method for the mean crushing force......Page 206 Subsequent crushing......Page 208 Calculation examples......Page 210 Axial crushing analysis of cylindrical shells......Page 211 Axial crushing of conical shells......Page 214 Axial crushing of L-, T-, and X-structural elements......Page 215 Quasistatic axial crushing tests by......Page 217 Quasistatic axial crushing tests by......Page 219 Dynamic axial crushing tests by......Page 220 Analysis procedure for bow crushing......Page 221 Striking bow shape......Page 224 Ship main dimension......Page 228 Bow crushing loads and bow damage in head-on collision......Page 231 Bridge pylon or pier design against ship collisions......Page 236 Introduction and collision scenarios......Page 238 Analysis procedure for deformable striking ship and deformable struck ship......Page 242 Lower hole......Page 245 Introduction......Page 247 Rigid cylinder impact to side shell plating of a ship......Page 249 Tubular structures: Local plastic bending and tension......Page 251 Tubular structures: Local denting (ship drifting to chords)......Page 254 Deformation transition between local denting and local bending......Page 255 Calculation example: Deformation transition between local denting and local bending of tubulars......Page 257 Calculation example: Collision between a deformable ship and a deformable tubular chord......Page 258 Introduction......Page 259 Mechanics of plate cutting by a wedge......Page 260 Bending energy rate......Page 261 Membrane energy rate......Page 262 Contribution of friction......Page 263 Summary of some formulations for plate cutting by a wedge......Page 264 Steady-state of plate cutting......Page 265 Estimation of the horizontal grounding force in ship grounding......Page 266 Horizontal grounding force for oil tankers of different sizes......Page 267 Thin plate cutting experiment by......Page 268 Thick plate cutting experiment by......Page 269 Thick stiffened plate cutting experiment by......Page 270 References......Page 272 Prediction methodology......Page 278 Energy absorption by the crushing and folding damage mode......Page 279 Explanation of the parameters used in the calculations......Page 280 Three model tests by......Page 282 Four model tests by......Page 283 Nine model tests by......Page 285 Model test by......Page 289 Large scale model test by......Page 294 Discussion on the validation of the method with side collision experiments......Page 295 Comparison with bow crushing experiments......Page 296 Comparison with bow crushing tests......Page 298 Model 1-Rectangular box with transverse frames......Page 299 Results summary of the four model crushing test......Page 300 Comparison with grounding tests......Page 301 Model 3......Page 303 Comparison with ASIS grounding tests......Page 304 Application......Page 306 Application to a full-scale collision accident......Page 307 Application to a full-scale grounding accident......Page 308 Collision management and risk control for LNG carriers......Page 310 Absorbed energy of oil tankers at initial rupture of the side shell in ship collisions......Page 313 The prediction method......Page 314 Application example to a high-speed craft......Page 315 Application example to a high-speed Ro-Ro ferry......Page 318 Introduction......Page 320 Prediction of the relative damage extent in grounding......Page 322 Calculation example and comparison with grounding damage data......Page 324 Concluding remarks......Page 326 References......Page 328 Introduction......Page 331 Finite elements......Page 336 Mesh size......Page 338 Boundary conditions......Page 340 True stress-true strain curve......Page 343 Critical failure strain......Page 350 Strain rate......Page 353 Failure criteria for ship collision assessments......Page 357 PES criterion......Page 359 Contact definition and friction......Page 360 Double hull models......Page 363 Container ship model......Page 369 Concluding remarks......Page 372 References......Page 373 C......Page 376 E......Page 377 I......Page 378 O......Page 379 S......Page 380 W......Page 383 Z......Page 384 Back Cover......Page 385