Bioelectromagnetics in Healthcare: Advanced sensing and communication applications

Description

Bioelectromagnetics in Healthcare: Advanced sensing and communication applications is a collection of twelve invited chapters from international experts from the UK, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States of America. The book forms a cohesive architecture that covers the state-of-the-art in terms of sensing and communications with relevance to bioelectromagnetics in healthcare. The book provides a valuable insight into the current and future possibilities where electromagnetics engineers will need to keep improving radiofrequency device performance in terms of better efficiency, greater sensitivity, reduced unintended power absorption by the body, smaller size, and lower power consumption. Topics covered include dielectric measurements, dosimetry for bioelectromagnetics, phantom recipes for implanted and wearable antenna applications, antennas for implants, electromagnetic coupling in biological media, electromagnetic resonators and metamaterials-based structures for chemical and biological sensing in body-centric wireless applications, bone fracture monitoring using implanted antennas, wearable antennas for sensing, epidermal and conformal electronics, radar for healthcare technology, therapeutic applications of electromagnetic waves, and optoelectronic sensing of physiological monitoring. The book is aimed at electromagnetics engineers and advanced students in electromagnetics working on healthcare and medical applications. Cover Contents About the editor 1 Introduction, overview, and future directions 1.1 Introduction to this book 1.2 Overview of each chapter 1.3 Future directions 2 Introduction to dielectric measurement and some common applications 2.1 How EMFs interact with a range of materials 2.1.1 Electronic polarisation 2.1.2 Atomic polarisation 2.1.3 Orientation of polar molecules 2.1.4 Ionic conduction 2.1.5 Orientation polarisation of induced dipoles 2.1.6 Interfacial polarisations 2.2 Common measurement systems 2.2.1 Measurement and instrumentation at ELF 2.2.2 Reference materials 2.2.3 Measurement and instrumentation at radio and microwave frequencies 2.3 Measurement technique 2.3.1 The probe 2.3.2 The model 2.3.3 The calibration 2.3.4 Sample preparation 2.3.5 Measurement uncertainty 2.3.6 In vivo versus in vitro measurement 2.3.7 Microwave tomography 2.3.8 Electric properties tomography 2.4 Applications of dielectrics 2.4.1 Optimisation of microwave food processing plants and quality control 2.4.2 Microwave-assisted chemical reactions 2.4.3 Microwave processing of biomass 2.4.4 Microwave sintering of ceramics 2.5 Concluding remarks References 3 Dosimetry for bioelectromagnetics 3.1 Electrical properties of biological tissues 3.2 Anatomical models 3.3 The FDTD method 3.3.1 Overview of the FDTD method 3.4 Conversion between timeand frequency-domains 3.4.1 FDTD for very low frequencies 3.4.2 The two-equations two-unknowns (2E2U) method 3.5 The (FD)2TD method 3.6 The S-FDTD and GS-FDTD methods 3.7 Dosimetry—What are we measuring? 3.8 Dosimetry—future work and applications References 4 Phantom recipes for implanted and wearable antenna applications 4.1 Design principles of antennas in/on lossy media 4.2 The electromagnetic properties of the medium 4.2.1 Efficiency and radiated power of implanted antennas 4.2.2 Bandwidth 4.3 Review of tissue-mimicking phantoms 4.3.1 Geometrical phantoms 4.3.2 Simulations of geometrical phantoms 4.3.3 Measurements of geometrical phantoms 4.3.4 Phantoms with realistic dimensions (anatomical phantoms) 4.3.5 Simulations of anatomical phantoms 4.3.6 Measurements of anatomical phantoms 4.3.7 Composition of human body phantoms 4.3.8 Methodology and design of the in-house developed phantom recipes 4.3.9 Measurement test-bed for the dielectric parameters of the phantom recipes 4.3.10 Measurements of homogenous tissue emulating phantom recipes 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Antennas for implants: design and limitations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Key performance indicators: implantable antennas versus classic electrically small antennas 5.3 Loss mechanisms and efficiency in implanted antennas 5.3.1 A spherical multishell model for the lossy host medium 5.3.2 Bounds on power density reaching the surface of the lossy phantom 5.3.3 Design rules of thumb 5.4 Examples 5.5 Measurements 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Electromagnetic coupling in biological media 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Circuit model of coupled coils in a general non-ideal environment 6.3 Complex Kirchhoff coefficients: a field solution approach 6.4 Simulation results of complex Kirchhoff coefficients 6.5 Network analysis of a two-coil system 6.5.1 Resonant frequency and quality factor 6.5.2 Frequency splitting 6.5.3 Electrical current distribution 6.6 WPT in biological media 6.6.1 Introduction and system modeling 6.6.2 System optimization 6.6.3 Simulation results 6.6.4 Criteria for the frequency switching 6.7 Conclusions References 7 Electromagnetic resonators and metamaterials-based structures for chemical and biological sensing in body-centric wireless healthcare applications 7.1 MTMs and resonators in sensing Devices 7.2 EMs in chemical sensing 7.3 EMs in biomedical and healthcare applications 7.3.1 Drug delivery 7.3.2 Cancer detection and treatment using hyperthermia 7.3.3 Wireless capsule endoscopy 7.3.4 Cardiovascular healthcare and other applications 7.4 Conclusion References 8 In vitro test-bed design for bone fracture monitoring using implanted antennas 8.1 Simulation of a two-layer anatomical phantom 8.2 Measurement results using a two-material phantom 8.3 Simulation of a three-layer anatomical phantom 8.4 Measurement setup using a three-material phantom 8.5 SAR evaluation of the implanted monopoles inside a three-material phantom 8.6 An analysis of an antenna monitoring system for bone fractures inside multilayer phantoms 8.6.1 The antenna coatings 8.6.2 Visualization of the blood distribution inside the fracture 8.6.3 Simulations of the two monopoles inside a voxel model 8.6.4 Measurement setup using a three-material phantom 8.6.5 Forearm—radius bone measurement setup 8.6.6 Finger—phalange bone measurement setup 8.6.7 Leg—tibia bone measurement setup 8.6.8 Ex vivo lamb joint measurement setup 8.6.9 Measurement results of the three material phantoms and lamb joint test-beds 8.7 Conclusions References 9 Wearable antennas and sensing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Respiration/breath monitoring 9.2.1 RFID antenna-based 9.2.2 Smart T-shirt: spiral fiber sensor array [13] 9.2.3 Radar-based [19] 9.3 Cardiac monitoring 9.4 Cardiopulmonary monitoring 9.5 Body fluid monitoring 9.5.1 Urine monitoring [39] 9.5.2 Facemask moisture detection [47] 9.6 Steatotic liver detection 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Epidermal and conformal electronics for bio sensing applications 10.1 Throat prosthesis biofilm sensing tag design 10.1.1 Bio film sensor measurements 10.2 Streaming bio data over Gen 2 RFID link 10.3 Summary References 11 Radar for healthcare technology 11.1 Physiological monitoring 11.1.1 Heart monitoring 11.1.2 Respiration monitoring 11.2 Radar principles 11.2.1 Doppler radar 11.2.2 Radar types 11.2.3 CW radar for healthcare applications 11.3 Challenges 11.3.1 Range correlation effect 11.3.2 Null points 11.3.3 Frequency considerations 11.3.4 DC offset 11.3.5 Signal processing 11.4 Implementation of a CW radar 11.4.1 Experimental results 11.5 Applications 11.5.1 Patients with compromised skin 11.5.2 Sleep monitoring 11.5.3 Elderly monitoring 11.6 Summary References 12 Therapeutic applications of electromagnetic waves 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Typical applications 12.2.1 Hyperthermia 12.2.2 Microwave ablation 12.2.3 Cancer treatment based on non-thermal effects 12.3 Evaluation and validation 12.3.1 Numerical simulation with digital phantoms 12.3.2 Experiment with physical phantoms 12.4 Further challenges 12.4.1 Design of MWA antennas with change of tissue parameters 12.4.2 Microwave theranostics for cancer treatment References 13 Optoelectronic sensing of physiological monitoring from contact to noncontact and point to imaging 13.1 Summary 13.2 Opto-physiological interaction 13.2.1 Radiative transport theorem 13.2.2 Multi-layered tissue structure with capillary and peripheral blood vessels 13.2.3 Tissue optical properties (ma, ms, g) along with multi-layered tissue 13.2.4 Modeling of opto-physiological interaction in contact and non-contact 13.3 Opto-physiological monitoring and assessment 13.3.1 Multi-wavelength illuminations for optoelectronic sensor 13.3.2 Influence of motion artifacts and ambient light during the measurement 13.3.3 Multi-signals generated from multi-wavelength illumination optoelectronic sensor 13.4 Contact and non-contact measurement 13.4.1 Configuration of the OEPS system 13.4.2 Configuration of non-contact image sensing system 13.4.3 Importance of multiplexing multi-wavelength illumination and demultiplexing multi-signals 13.5 Case studies 13.5.1 Case 1: wrist model for smart watch 13.5.2 Case 2: imaging PPG 13.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover