Global Development: A Cold War History

Description

In the Cold War, "development" was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. In this sweeping and incisive book, Sara Lorenzini provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, Lorenzini shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. She shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects―examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground―and she also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. Lorenzini shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. An unparalleled journey into the political, intellectual, and economic history of the twentieth century, this book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Introduction......Page 16 1 Development as an Ideology for Empire......Page 24 The Civilizing Mission in the Interwar Years......Page 25 Modernity and Authoritarian Rule......Page 28 The Second World War......Page 31 2 Truman’s Dream: When the Cold War and Development Met......Page 37 Point Four......Page 41 Studying Backward Areas: Social Scientists, the Marshall Plan, and the Limits of the Cold War......Page 44 3 Socialist Modernity and the Birth of the Third World......Page 48 Ideology Put to the Test on the Colonial Question......Page 49 The Age of Indifference......Page 50 The Afterthought......Page 53 The Age of Neutralism, or the Birth of the Third World......Page 55 Khrushchev’s Challenge......Page 57 Features of Socialist Aid: Constructing the Ideological Framework......Page 58 The Political Economy of Socialist Cooperation......Page 60 4 Western Alternatives for Development in the Global Cold War......Page 65 The Inevitability of Foreign Aid as a Cold War Tool?......Page 67 Plans for Eurafrica......Page 70 An Ideology for the Global Cold War: The Rise of Modernization Theory......Page 75 The Kennedy Administration: A Turning Point?......Page 79 5 The Limits of Bipolarity in the Golden Age of Modernization......Page 83 The Cooperation Imperative in the West......Page 84 Disappointments: The United States and Bickering in the DAC......Page 86 Rostow and the Idea of Binding Rules......Page 88 The European Economic Community Way......Page 91 Coordination among Socialist Countries: The Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance in Comecon......Page 96 Responding to External Challenges......Page 100 6 International Organizations and Development as a Global Mission......Page 104 Precedents: The League of Nations......Page 105 Development as Profession after the Second World War......Page 107 The World Bank......Page 109 The United Nations and Development: The Place for an Alternative?......Page 111 UNCTAD......Page 116 Assessing Aid at the End of the First Development Decade......Page 118 The Soviet Union Reinterprets the Two Worlds Theory......Page 122 Convergence and Interdependence......Page 125 Third World Visions......Page 127 China’s Development Alternative......Page 128 Self-Reliance? Tanzania between the Tazara Railway and Ujamaa......Page 131 Third Worldism and the New International Economic Order......Page 134 8 Resources, Environment and Development: The Difficult Nexus......Page 139 The End of Technological Optimism?......Page 140 Recasting the Problems of Modern Society......Page 144 The Emergence of Global Environmentalism: Stockholm, 1972......Page 148 Environment and Development as Seen from the East......Page 152 The Legacy of Stockholm and the Invention of Sustainable Development......Page 154 9 Responding to the Challenges from the Global South: North-South Dialogues......Page 157 The Birth of Basic Needs in the Second Development Decade......Page 158 The Lomé Revolution......Page 160 A Regional Plan: The Euro-Arab Dialogue......Page 163 North-South Dialogue: The Global Dimension......Page 165 Development and Human Rights......Page 169 10 The Dynamics of the Lost Decade......Page 175 Conclusions......Page 184 Notes......Page 194 Bibliography......Page 242 Index......Page 278