Routledge Handbook of Environmental Policy

Description

This Handbook provides a state-of-the-art review of research on environmental policy and governance. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Policy has a strong focus on new problem structures – a perspective that emphasizes the preconditions and processes of environmental policymaking – and a comparative approach that covers all levels of local, national, and global policymaking. The volume examines the different conditions under which environmental policymaking takes place in different regions of the world and tracks the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical developments that have been made in recent years. It also highlights emerging areas where new and/or additional research and reflection are warranted. Divided into four key parts, the accessible structure and the nature of the contributions allow the reader to quickly find a concise expert review on topics that are most likely to arise in the course of conducting research or developing policy, and to obtain a broad, reliable survey of what is presently known about the subject. The resulting compendium is an essential resource for students, scholars, and policymakers working in this vital field. Cover Half Title Endorsement Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction: A Research Agenda for Environmental Policy Analysis – Past, Present, and Future 1.1 The Rise of Environmental Policy within Political Science 1.2 State of the Art 1.3 Structure of the Book Note References Part I: Analytical Concepts and Paradigms in Environmental Policy Analysis Chapter 2: Emergence and Development of the Environmental Policy Field 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition of a “Policy Field” 2.3 Problems: Emergence of Environmental Policy as a Separate Policy Field 2.4 Institutionalisation 2.5 Political Actors 2.6 Measures 2.7 Conclusion and Future Research Note References Chapter 3: Environmental Policy Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Environmental Policy Outputs 3.3 Environmental Policy Outcomes 3.4 Environmental Policy Impacts 3.5 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 4: The Environmental State 4.1 Introduction 4.2 A Brief Summary of Environmental State Research 4.3 Environmental State, Green State, Ecological State, or Ecostate? 4.4 Where to Find the Environmental State 4.5 What Can the Environmental State Do? 4.6 Three Outstanding Questions about the Environmental State 4.6.1 How? 4.6.2 Why? 4.6.3 Capacity? 4.7 The Political Economy of the Environmental State 4.8 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 5: Polycentric Governance 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What Is Polycentric Governance? 5.3 Polycentric Governance Theory: Central Propositions 5.3.1 Local Action: Governance Initiatives Are Likely to Take Off at a Local Level Through Processes of Self-Organisation 5.3.2 Mutual Adjustment: Constituent Units Are Likely to Spontaneously Develop Collaborations with One Another, Producing More Trusting Interrelationships 5.3.3 Experimentation: The Willingness and Capacity to Experiment Facilitates Governance Innovation and Learning 5.3.4 The Importance of Trust: Trust Builds Up More Quickly When Units Are Able to Self-Organise, thus Increasing Collective Ambitions 5.3.5 Overarching Rules: Local Initiatives Are Likely to Work Best When They Are Bound by a Set of Overarching Rules 5.4 The Governance of Climate Change 5.4.1 Changes in the Locus and Focus of Governance 5.4.2 How Polycentric Is Climate Change Governance? 5.5 Explaining Climate Change Governance 5.5.1 Local Action 5.5.2 Mutual Adjustment 5.5.3 Experimentation 5.5.4 Trust 5.5.5 Overarching Rules 5.6 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 6: Ecological Modernization and Beyond 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Concept of Ecological Modernization 6.3 Ecological Modernization as a Global Green Industrial Revolution 6.3.1 Co-Benefits of Ecological Modernization 6.4 The Case of Germany 6.5 Strengths and Weaknesses: Evaluation of Ecological Modernization as a Global Environmental Policy Strategy 6.5.1 Insufficient Structural Change 6.6 Ecological Modernization as Political Modernization 6.7 Beyond Ecological Modernization 6.8 Conclusion and Future Research References Part II: Determinants of Environmental Policy Performance Chapter 7: Determinants of Performance in National Environmental Policies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Political Studies on Environmental Performance 7.3 Conceptualizing Environmental Performance 7.4 Socio-Economic and Structural Determinants of Environmental Performance 7.5 Domestic Politics and Environmental Performance 7.6 International Politics and Environmental Performance 7.7 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 8: Bureaucracy and Environmental Policy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bureaucracy and Environmental Policy-Making 8.2.1 Bureaucratic Autonomy 8.2.2 Analytical Skills and Effective Exchange 8.3 Bureaucracy and Environmental Policy Implementation 8.3.1 Staff and Organizational Resources 8.3.2 Bureaucratic Structures and Coordination Needs 8.3.3 Administrative Tradition and Discretionary Power 8.4 Environmental Administrations under Siege 8.5 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 9: Analytical Perspectives on Environmental Policy Integration 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What Constitutes Environmental Policy Integration? 9.3 Towards an Integrative Systematization: Four Analytical Perspectives on EPI 9.3.1 The Horizontal Dimension: Governing Cross-Cutting Policy Goals 9.3.2 The Vertical Dimension: Governing Complexity in Implementation 9.3.3 Discussion: The Relationship Between the Four Analytical Perspectives on EPI 9.4 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 10: Environmental Policy Implementation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Key Concepts 10.3 Policy Design 10.4 Implementation Structure 10.5 Agency Decision-Making 10.6 Target Group Behaviour 10.7 Policy Impact 10.8 Conclusion and Future Research Note References Chapter 11: Environmental Policy Evaluation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Environmental Evaluation Approaches and Practices 11.2.1 Insights into Current Environmental Evaluation Activities 11.2.2 Key Evaluation Approaches 11.3 Why Evaluate Environmental Policy? 11.3.1 Evaluation for Learning 11.3.2 Evaluation for Accountability 11.3.3 Evaluation and Politics 11.4 Future Directions for Environmental Policy Evaluation 11.4.1 Evaluation Patterns and Knowledge Defragmentation 11.4.2 Evaluation and Policy-Making 11.4.3 The Governance of Evaluation 11.4.4 Linking Different Evaluation Practices 11.4.5 Evaluation Standards and Guidelines 11.4.6 Evaluating Global Sustainability 11.5 Conclusion and Future Research Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 12: International Public Administrations in Environmental Governance 12.1 Introduction 12.2 International Public Administrations as Partially Autonomous Actors in Global Governance 12.3 IPA Influence in Environmental Governance 12.4 Causes of IPA Influence in Environmental Policymaking 12.4.1 IPA Autonomy 12.4.2 IPA Centrality in Issue-Specific Actor Networks 12.5 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 13: The Role of Litigation of Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations in Environmental Politics and Policy 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Transposition of the Aarhus Convention 13.3 Data on the Use of the Right to Stand 13.4 Lawsuits as a Strategy of ENGOs 13.5 Do Lawsuits Improve Environmental Quality? 13.5.1 The Fight for Clean Air 13.5.2 Wolf Protection 13.5.3 Fighting Wind Energy Plants: Climate versus Species Protection 13.6 ENGO Litigation as Part of “Eurolegalism” 13.7 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 14: Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Environmental Decision Making: The Case of Climate Change 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Climate Justice and Indigenous Peoples 14.3 Distributive (In)justice and Indigenous Peoples 14.4 Procedural (In)justice and Indigenous Peoples 14.5 Epistemic (In)justice and Indigenous Peoples 14.6 Conclusion and Future Research Note References Chapter 15: The Science–Policy Interface and Evidence-Based Policymaking in Environmental Policy: Promises and Pitfalls 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Environmental Evidence-Based Policymaking Scholarship: Science–Policy Barriers and Driver Taxonomies 15.3 The Importance of Policy Theory: Addressing Ambiguity and Complexity 15.4 Moving beyond Black and Gray Boxes: A Call for Causal Mechanisms 15.5 Policy Labs: A Venue to Address Policy–Science Challenges? 15.6 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Part III: Environmental Policy Change Chapter 16: Policy Change and Policy Accumulation in the Environmental Domain: Causes and Consequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Policy Accumulation in the Environmental Domain: Empirical Overview 16.3 Causes of Environmental Policy Accumulation: Responsiveness to National and International Demands 16.3.1 The Political Economy of Policy Accumulation 16.3.2 International Drivers of Policy Accumulation 16.3.3 The Ambiguous Nature of Policy Accumulation 16.4 Consequences of Environmental Policy Accumulation: Policy Complexity and Bureaucratic Overload 16.4.1 Policy Complexity 16.4.2 Bureaucratic Overload 16.5 The Challenge of Sustainable Policy Accumulation 16.6 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 17: Leaders, Pioneers, and Followers in Environmental Governance 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The International Relations Perspective 17.3 The Comparative Politics Perspective 17.3.1 Domestic Factors 17.3.2 Strategies 17.3.3 Followers 17.4 Combining the International Relations and Comparative Politics Perspectives 17.4.1 Climate Leadership 17.4.2 Towards a More Comprehensive Conceptual Approach 17.5 Bringing in Other Actors 17.5.1 Sub-National Actors 17.5.2 Non-State Actors 17.6 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 18: Convergence and Diffusion of Environmental Policies 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Policy Diffusion and Policy Convergence: Different, Yet Related Concepts 18.2.1 Policy Diffusion 18.2.2 Policy Convergence 18.3 Theoretical Discussion: Drivers of Policy Diffusion and Policy Convergence 18.3.1 Causal Mechanisms 18.3.2 Moderating Factors 18.4 Empirical Findings: Diffusion and Convergence of Environmental Policy Portfolios 18.4.1 Patterns of Policy Diffusion 18.4.2 Patterns of Policy Convergence 18.5 Conclusion and Future Research Note References Chapter 19: Policy Design for Sustainable Energy and the Interplay of Procedural and Substantive Policy Instruments 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Procedural Components of Policymaking 19.3 Designing Renewable Energy Policy Mixes: An Illustrative Example 19.3.1 Renewable Energy Targets or Quotas 19.3.2 Feed-in-Tariffs 19.3.3 Net Metering and Smart Grids 19.4 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 20: Securitization, Climate Change, and Energy 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concepts of Securitization 20.3 The Climate Security Storyline 20.4 The Energy Security Storyline 20.5 Beyond Securitization? 20.6 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 21: Environmental Policy Dynamics in Southeast Asia: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The Environmental Record by Country and Sector 21.2.1 Air Pollution, Including Transboundary Haze 21.2.2 Forestry and Biodiversity Management, Including Fisheries 21.2.3 Food Security 21.2.4 Water Resources Management 21.3 Challenges to Finding and Implementing Solutions 21.4 Conclusion and Future Research Note References Part IV: Transformation of Environmental Policies: Paradigmatic Challenges Chapter 22: The Challenge of Long-Term Environmental Policy 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Definition 22.3 Methods 22.4 Policy Options 22.5 Future Research Appreciation Notes References Chapter 23: Cities and Urban Transformations in Multi-Level Climate Governance 23.1 Introduction 23.2 From Local Agenda 21 to Carbon-Neutral Cities 23.3 Can Cities Save the Planet? 23.4 Dimensions of Urban Transformations 23.4.1 Temporal Dimension of Urban Transformations 23.4.2 Spatial Dimension of Urban Transformations 23.5 The Challenge of Scaling 23.5.1 Concepts and Types of Scaling 23.5.2 City Types, Leadership, and Scaling 23.5.3 Matching Cities 23.6 Emerging Challenges for Urban Transformations 23.7 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 24: Policy Mixes for Addressing Environmental Challenges: Conceptual Foundations, Empirical Operationalisation, and Policy Implications 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Conceptualising Policy Mixes 24.2.1 Defining Policy Mixes 24.2.2 Interdisciplinary Conceptual Framework 24.3 Delineating Policy Mixes 24.3.1 The Top-Down Approach 24.3.2 The Bottom-Up Approach 24.4 Informing Policy Mix Design: The Example of Climate Change 24.4.1 Coordinating the Design of Policy Mixes to Meet Multiple Policy Objectives Can Reduce the Overall Costs of Achieving Sustainability Objectives 24.4.2 Climate Policy Mixes Need to Be Credible to Accelerate Low-Carbon Transitions 24.4.3 Comprehensive, Balanced, and Consistent Instrument Mixes Can Help Drive Low-Carbon Transformative Change 24.4.4 Phasing Out Policies Supporting Carbon-Intensive Fuels, Technologies, or Practices Can Accelerate Low-Carbon Transitions 24.4.5 Transformative Climate Policy Mixes Have to Navigate Resistance from Vested Interests 24.4.6 Accelerating Decarbonisation Calls for Enhancing Policy Coordination across Governance Levels and Policy Fields 24.4.7 Systematic Mapping of the Policy Mix Is a Precondition for Policy Mix Analysis and Design 24.5 Research Outlook 24.5.1 Capturing Transformative Change 24.5.2 Multi-Level Governance Settings 24.5.3 Rethinking Policy Regimes Acknowledgement Note References Chapter 25: Fifty Shades of Sufficiency: Semantic Confusion and No Policy 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Sufficiency: What Does It Mean? 25.2.1 Sufficiency as a Sacrifice 25.2.2 Sufficiency as an Industrialized Country Problem 25.2.3 Sufficiency as Efficiency 25.2.4 Sufficiency as a Condition for a Good Life for All 25.3 Sufficiency in Policy: Ready for Practice? 25.3.1 Mobility 25.3.2 Food 25.3.3 Housing 25.4 Conclusion and Future Research Notes References Chapter 26: The New Climate Movement: Organization, Strategy, and Consequences 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The New Climate Movement: Emergence, Narratives, Organization 26.2.1 Emergence 26.2.2 Profiles of Climate Protest Participants and Activists 26.2.3 Mobilizing Frames 26.2.4 Organizational Structures 26.3 Strategies 26.4 Consequences 26.5 Conclusion and Future Research Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 27: Geoengineering and Public Policy: Framing, Research, and Deployment 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Defining Geoengineering: A Basis for Public Policy? 27.2.1 The Definitional Evolution of Geoengineering 27.2.2 Geoengineering as Public Policy 27.3 Geoengineering Research: An Issue for Public Participation? 27.3.1 Outdoor Experiments and the Social Licence to Operate 27.3.2 Designing Governance for Research 27.4 Geoengineering Deployment: A Task for Policy Cooperation? 27.4.1 Common Concerns: Slippery Slope, Moral Hazard, and the Question of Justice 27.4.2 Imaginaries of Deploying Solar Radiation Management 27.4.3 Realities of Deploying Carbon Dioxide Removal 27.5 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 28: Environmental Policymaking in Authoritarian Countries: The Cases of Singapore and Russia 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Environmental Authoritarianism 28.3 The Case of Singapore 28.4 The Case of Russia 28.5 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 29: Environmental Policy in Fast-Growing Economies: The Case of India 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Development: A Post-Colonial State Catching Up 29.3 India and the Global Rise of Environmental Policy 29.4 Environmental Politics in India 29.5 India and the Global Climate Governance System 29.6 India’s Climate Politics 29.7 Democracy and Environment 29.8 Conclusion and Future Research References Chapter 30: Conclusions: Past Achievements and Future Directions for Environmental Policy Research 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Environmental Policy Analysis as a Stimulus for Political Science 30.2.1 Environmental Policy as a Stimulus for Analytical Frameworks for Public Policy Analysis 30.2.2 Environmental Policy as a Research Stimulus for Comparative Public Policy 30.2.3 Environmental Policy as a Research Stimulus for Comparative Politics 30.2.4 Environmental Policy as a Research Stimulus in the Field of Global Governance 30.3 A Future Research Agenda for Environmental Policy Analysis References Index