Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals

Description

Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals provides a thorough overview of thermochemical conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals via the pyrolysis platform. The book covers the principles underlying pyrolysis of biomass from the chemical engineering perspective. It discusses thermal-only pyrolysis, the traditional pyrolysis process under inert atmosphere with no catalyst, and the role of catalytic pyrolysis and tail gas reactive pyrolysis in resolving the instability issues associated with product distribution. The addresses condensed phase upgrading where the oil produced can be upgraded for stability or hydrogenated to drop-in transportation fuels, as well as feedstock selection, including opportunity fuels/feedstocks. Finally, pilot and demonstration scale projects from around the world are examined, and some immediate applications of pyrolysis oils in combustion systems are analyzed. Engineering researchers and professionals in the bioenergy, biochemical, and petrochemical fields find in this book a complete resource for understanding the relationships between possible technologies, applications, costs, and products value, as they tackle the challenges for large scale adoption of pyrolysis for the production of 2nd generation biofuels and biochemicals. PhD students in areas of energy, chemical, mechanical, and materials engineering will also benefit from fundamental and applied research in a concise format that can save them time and serve as a reference through bioenergy conversion courses. Cover Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals Copyright Dedication Contents About the author Abbreviations Acronyms Nomenclature Symbols Foreword Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Biomass conversion technologies 1.1.1 Biochemical conversion 1.1.2 Thermochemical conversion 1.2 Biomass decomposition and pyrolysis products 1.2.1 Slow pyrolysis products 1.2.2 Fast pyrolysis products 1.3 Pyrolysis kinetics 1.4 Reactor technologies for fast pyrolysis 1.5 Liquid product distribution 1.6 Pyrolysis and the US national biofuels agenda 1.7 Feedstock challenges and U.S. Department of Agriculture approach 1.8 Pyrolysis technologies logic model References 2 Thermal pyrolysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Space-time evolution of pyrolysis products in a fluidized bed 2.3 Pyrolysis product yield 2.4 Product’s physical and fuel properties 2.5 Product stability 2.6 Product chemical composition and distribution 2.7 Effect of temperature 2.8 Sustainability References 3 Catalytic fast pyrolysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fluid catalytic cracking of bio-derived feedstock 3.3 Screening catalysts for biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis 3.4 Scale-up into continuous process with downselect catalysts 3.5 Catalysts deactivation and regeneration 3.6 Ex situ catalytic pyrolysis 3.7 Catalytic pyrolysis and metals balance 3.8 Metal-modified ZSM-5 catalysts for biomass pyrolysis 3.9 Start-up challenges of commercial catalytic fast pyrolysis biorefineries References 4 Reactive pyrolysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Tail gas reactive pyrolysis 4.2.1 Reaction atmosphere 4.2.2 Yield and distribution of tail gas reactive pyrolysis products 4.2.3 Product analysis 4.2.4 Static bed and various reactive gas atmospheres 4.3 Temperature effect on deoxygenation 4.4 Hydropyrolysis 4.4.1 Noncatalytic hydropyrolysis 4.4.2 Catalytic hydropyrolysis 4.5 Copyrolysis with plastics 4.5.1 Biogenic carbon in copyrolysis product pool 4.5.2 Biomass–plastic copyrolysis via tail gas reactive pyrolysis 4.6 Other reactive environments—solvents References 5 Condensed-phase pyrolysis oil upgrading 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Screening hydrodeoxygenation catalysts with model compounds 5.3 Hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oils 5.4 Distillation 5.4.1 Distillation pre- and posthydrodeoxygenation 5.5 Infrastructure compatibility of hydrodeoxygenation products 5.6 Extraction 5.7 Transfer hydrogenation References 6 Combustion applications of pyrolysis liquids 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Characteristics of pyrolysis oil—fuel blends for combustion 6.2.1 Viscosity changes 6.2.2 Spray characteristics 6.2.3 Spray droplet sizes 6.3 Pyrolysis oil/diesel fuel emulsions 6.4 Steady state combustion References 7 Pyrolysis conversion technology systems and integration 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Developmental scales 7.3 Distributed on-farm/in-forest biorefining 7.3.1 Mobile pyrolysis systems 7.4 Integrated pyrolysis biorefinery systems References 8 Biorefinery performance measurements 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mass balance, energy, and exergy analysis 8.2.1 Energy balance 8.2.2 Exergy balance 8.3 Economics of production and combustion of pyrolysis oil 8.3.1 Case scenario 1—equine waste for localized hot water heating 8.3.1.1 Process 8.3.2 Case scenario 2—electricity production with Eucalyptus-derived bio-oil in Brazil 8.4 Economics of colocated pyrolysis biorefinery 8.5 Techno-economic and exergetic life cycle assessment 8.5.1 The process 8.5.2 Performance measurement 8.6 Economics of cofeeding pyrolysis oil with vacuum gas oil in petro/biorefinery 8.6.1 Performance measurements References 9 Energy crops—biomass resources and traits 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Harvest time and cultivar on fast pyrolysis 9.2.1 Harvest time affects pyrolysis yield production 9.3 Mineral compositional effects on pyrolysis products 9.4 Implications for optimal harvest time 9.5 Proteinaceous energy crops References 10 Pyrolysis solid coproducts and usage 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Biochar characterization 10.3 Biochar applications 10.3.1 Pulverized fuel 10.3.2 Carbon sequestration 10.3.3 Soil amendment 10.3.3.1 Fertilizer/plant health 10.3.3.2 Ion exchange/contaminants absorption 10.3.3.3 Biocidal inactivation 10.4 Bio-green coke References Appendix to Chapter 6 Index Back Cover