Cognitive, Clinical, and Neural Aspects of Drug Addiction

Description

Drug addictions are often difficult to treat. The most successful treatments begin with studying why individuals become addicted to drugs and how to change their thinking and behaviour. Cognitive, Clinical, and Neural Aspects of Drug Addiction focuses on the theories that cause drug addiction, including avoidance behavior, self-medication, reward sensitization, behavioral inhibition and impulsivity. Dr. Moustafa takes this book one step further by reviewing the psychological and neural causes of relapse including the role of stress, anxiety and depression. By examining both the causes of drug addiction and relapse, this book will help clinicians create individualized treatment options for patients suffering from drug addiction. Identifies key factors contributing to addiction, including stress, anxiety and depressionReviews inhibition and impulsivity in drug useAssesses the cognitive underpinnings of behavioral choices in addictionDiscusses the argument of self-medication vs. reward sensitizationExamines the psychological causes of why patients relapse Cover Cognitive, Clinical, and Neural Aspects of Drug Addiction Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Acknowledgement Part I: Cognitive and learning aspects of drug addiction 1 Executive functioning and substance use disorders The concept of executive functioning Substance use disorders and executive dysfunction The role of dopamine in executive dysfunction in SUD Action selection, feedback processing and updating SUD, a biopsychosocial executive functioning disorder References Further reading 2 Impulsive behavior in drug addiction: Clinical, cognitive, and neural correlates Introduction Behavioral definition of impulsivity Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity Impulsivity as a clinical problem Impulsivity in the nonclinical population Impulsivity and cognitive distortions References 3 The multifaceted nature of risk-taking in drug addiction Introduction Risk-taking Dual-systems theory of decision-making Risk-taking in drug addiction and healthy populations Risk-taking and feedback and environmental contingency processing Healthy populations Drug-dependent populations Domain-specific risk-taking Healthy populations Drug-dependent populations Decision-making biases and risk-taking Intolerance of uncertainty in healthy populations Intolerance of uncertainty in drug-dependent populations Future studies on risk-taking in drug dependence References 4 Delay, probability, and effort discounting in drug addiction Introduction Delay discounting Substance abuse Probability discounting Nicotine Alcohol Illicit drugs Effort discounting Impulsivity Substance abuse Future directions Conclusion References 5 It’s all about context: The environment and substance use Introduction Environmental stimuli can trigger drug seeking Discrete stimuli can directly trigger drug seeking Relevance of habit formation to addiction Discrete stimuli can indirectly trigger drug seeking Psychological processes in stimulus elicited drug seeking Relevance of the PIT model to addiction Drug and context associations Contexts can trigger drug craving Context can acquire drug-like motivational properties The psychological processes of conditioned place preference Reinstatement effects in the conditioned place preference paradigm Relevance of conditioned place preference to the study of addiction Limitations of CPP paradigm Context can trigger an increase in drug use behavior Psychological processes in context reinstatement Relevance of context reinstatement to drug addiction Summary and conclusion References 6 Avoidance learning and behavior in patients with addiction Introduction Avoidance of physical withdrawal Avoidance of negative affect Experiential avoidance Avoidance coping and addiction vulnerability Treatment implications Overgeneral memory as a type of cognitive avoidance Avoidance and reward sensitivity Avoidance in the laboratory Animal research on avoidance Computer-based tasks Limitations and future directions Summary and conclusions References 7 Theories of compulsive drug use: A brief overview of learning and motivation processes Introduction An introduction to associative learning and underlying neural circuitry Prediction error theory of compulsive drug use Incentive-sensitization theory of compulsive drug use Goal directed and habitual control Pavlovian-instrumental-transfer Sensitivity to reward and punishment and its association with cognitive control and mood Conclusion References 8 Episodic future thinking in drug addiction Introduction Types of future thinking tasks used in the literature Episodic foresight in alcohol dependent populations Addiction Alcohol addiction Episodic future thinking in opiate dependent populations Opiate addiction Episodic foresight in alcohol dependent populations Intolerance to uncertainty scale (IUS) and purpose in life in alcohol and opiate populations Discussion Limitations and future studies References Further reading 9 Intolerance of uncertainty and addiction Introduction Intolerance of uncertainty in addiction IU and impulsivity in addiction Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety IU and contextual cues in addiction IU and working memory in addiction Summary and future research References Further Reading 10 Social cognition impairment in different types of drug addictions Introduction Emotional facial expression (EFE) and substance abuse Theory of mind (ToM) abilities in individuals with SUD Prosody and SUD Conclusion References Further reading Part II: Clinical and treatment aspects of drug addiction 11 Causes and clinical characteristics of drug abuse Introduction Drug addiction Potential causes of drug abuse Methods Subjects Method Results Discussion Gender ratio in drug addiction Peer pressure in drug addiction Psychiatric symptoms associated with drug addiction References 12 Accessing addiction recovery capital via online and offline channels: The role of peer-support and shared experiences of a ... Introduction Recovery support through belonging to offline pro-recovery groups Online channels of addiction recovery support Conclusion References Further reading 13 The benefits and limitations of methadone: A comparison to other opioid replacement treatments Introduction Opiate addiction The methadone intervention The benefits of methadone The limitations of methadone Alternative treatments for drug addiction Conclusion References Further reading 14 Motivational interviewing for the treatment of addiction Introduction Group treatment of substance abuse The motivational enhancement therapy (MET) Five principles of motivational interviewing Practical stages for conducting MET Phase one: Building motivation for change Labeling trap Premature focus trap Blaming trap Feedback Responsibility Advice Menu of options for change Empathy Supporting self-efficacy Phase two: Strengthening commitment to change Asking key questions Discussing a plan Communicating free choice Consequences of action and inaction Information and advice Rolling with resistance The change plan worksheet Asking for commitment Phase three: Follow-through strategies Reviewing progress Stages of change Precontemplation stage Contemplation stage Preparation stage Action stage Maintenance stage The group counseling format Suggested format for motivational groups Group motivational enhancement therapy Providing structure for group MET Conflict and confrontation MET group curriculum Treatment as usual versus MET References Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T V W BAck Cover