Beauty, Aging and AntiAging

Description

Beauty, Aging and AntiAging covers novel and updated research and treatment options regarding the effects of aging on human physiology. Beauty perception and related molecular pathways are reviewed, along with current medical and surgical approaches to aging. The first part of the book focuses on beauty, youth, aging and its effects on the human body. In the second part, various restorative treatment approaches are reviewed in detail. Particularly, invasive treatment options and molecular pathophysiology of aging are covered in this book. Front matter Copyright Contributors Preface History of beauty Beauty Aesthetic History of beauty Human beauty Waist/hip ratio Effects of hereditary diversity Inner beauty Social effects of beauty References Perception of beauty in different cultures Introduction Beauty and humans Differences in measurable beauty among different regions Beauty in different cultures Unusual perceptions of beauty in different cultures Conclusions References The concept of beauty in art Introduction Definition of art, beauty, esthetics, and taste Obsession with the beauty of properties Beauty of nudes Beauty in landscapes Beauty in modernism and postmodernism Beauty of the 21st-century individual Conclusion References Definition of beauty in plastic surgery The golden ratio The perception of beauty Conclusion References Beauty of aging References Cellular mechanisms of aging Introduction Major factors causing cellular aging Telomere-induced senescence Role of genomic instability in cellular aging Mitogenic signals in cellular senescence Senescence caused by epigenomic changes Role of activated tumor suppressors in aging References Impact of aging on extracellular matrix and signal transduction pathways Introduction The extracellular matrix (ECM) The composition of the ECM Signal transduction pathways Cell-matrix interactions and signaling pathways Biomechanical changes in aging Intracellular changes in aging Nuclear changes in aging process of the cells Mitochondrial changes in aging Aging and senescence Aging, diseases, and signaling pathways Conclusion References Psychiatric changes in aging Introduction Cognitive aging Cognitive disorders Subjective cognitive decline Mild behavioral impairment Psychiatric symptoms in old age Stress and resilience in late life Conclusion References Neurological perspectives on aging Introduction Brain aging hallmarks: Molecular level Dysregulated energy metabolism Mitochondrial dysfunction Oxidative damage Reduced molecular clearing Decreased DNA repair Neuroinflammaging Impaired calcium homeostasis Brain aging hallmarks: Cellular level Stem cell insufficiency Neuronal changes Changes in the neurovascular unit components and blood-brain barrier permeability Brain aging hallmarks: Organ level Brain volume A neuroimaging biomarker of brain aging: BrainAGE Conclusion References Musculoskeletal physiological changes in aging Skeletal muscle Tendon Bone Articular cartilage Proprioception and balance Reversing age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system in older adults: Exercise as medicine Recommendations for postmenopausal women without osteoporosis Recommendations for older men without osteoporosis Recommended exercises for patients with osteoporosis Exercises not suitable for people with osteoporosis and preventative strategies for potential risks References The aging cardiovascular system Introduction Pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular aging Oxidative stress Autophagy Inflammation Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms Telomere length Epigenetic mechanisms Metabolic disorders Changes in cardiovascular functions by aging Prevention from cardiovascular aging Calorie restriction Healthy diet Smoking cessation Exercise Air pollution Climate Gamma radiation Future perspectives of antiaging drugs Conclusion References Physiological changes and clinical effects of aging Aging of the brain Aging of the cardiovascular system Aging of the kidneys Aging of the lungs Aging of the gastrointestinal system Aging of the endocrine system Aging of the immune system Aging of the musculoskeletal system References Comprehensive geriatric assessment and antiaging Introduction Components of the geriatric assessment Visual and hearing impairment Malnutrition and weight loss Urinary incontinence Gait and balance impairments and falling Polypharmacy Cognitive and affective assessment Frailty assessment Assessment of function Assessment of social support Assessment of environment Conclusion References Vitamins, minerals, and antiaging drugs in older adults Vitamins Vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin E Multivitamins Minerals Zinc Copper Selenium Antioxidants Coenzyme Q10 Omega-3 Glutathione Alpha-lipoic acid Lutein Calorie restriction mimetics Mammalian target inhibitors of rapamycin Inhibitors of glycolytic metabolism Adenosine monophosphate protein kinase activators Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis inhibitors Sirtuin pathway activators Hormones Sex hormones Growth hormone Melatonin Telomerase activators MicroRNA Stem cells References Dental-periodontal structures and aging Aging and oral health Inflammaging and oral tissues Tooth loss and edentulism in the elderly population Physiological and pathological changes of the oral tissues due to aging Regenerative periodontal treatment in the elderly Pulp regeneration in elderly Regenerative therapies for xerostomia Conclusions References Antiaging: Is it possible? Introduction Alternative approaches to aging Senolytics Senostatics Conclusions References Chapter 17: Antiaging principles in plastic surgery Introduction Effects of aging on tissues Skin Adipose tissue Muscle Bone Nerve Can plastic surgery prevent aging? Rejuvenation Topical Energy based Injectables Neurotoxins Soft tissue fillers Surgical treatment of age-related changes in plastic surgery Upper face Midface Lower face and neck Breast Others References Regenerative cell therapy for antiaging Regenerative medicine and aging Stromal/stem cell Stromal-cell isolation techniques Neither nanofat nor SVF: TOST PRP/PPP/TOST and combination: Enhanced regeneration Adjustable regenerative adipose-tissue transfer (ARAT) Clinical applications Further reading Energy based procedures in facial cosmetic and rejuvenation Lasers Laser physics Laser types Ablative and nonablative Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser Indications Intense pulsed light (IPL) Focused ultrasound Radiofrequency (RF) References How to induce antiaging in plastic surgery Lipofilling History Technique Injection of fat Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel Preparation of patient skin tissue Collagen supplementation Vitamin C supplementation Skin hydration Glutathione Conclusion Acknowledgment References Minimally invasive treatments for the aging face Aging process in general Wrinkles Sagging Volume loss Skin quality Points to consider References Cosmetic surgical treatments for the aging face Age heterogeneity Objectives Basic principles Surgical techniques Facelift Midface lift Forehead lift Blepharoplasty Neck lift Surgical volume restoration Ancillary procedures Longevity Risks Conclusion References Periorbital restoration Botulinum toxin Soft tissue fillers Platelet-rich plasma Fat grafting Blepharoplasty References Chapter 24: Changes in breasts during aging: Pathophysiology and restorative options Introduction Anatomy, histology, and physiology Ptosis classification Regnault classification Preoperative evaluation Treatment options Periareolar mastopexy Vertical mastopexy Inverted-T mastopexy Augmentation mastopexy Complications References Age-related changes in trunk aesthetics BoNTA Filler injections Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) Injectable hyaluronic acid Injectable calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHa) Sclerotherapy Chemical peels Laser therapy Intense pulsed light (IPL) Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Q-switched lasers Nonablative fractional lasers Ablative fractional lasers Surgery Mini abdominoplasty Standard abdominoplasty Fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty Belt lipectomy Bra-line back lift Gluteal rejuvenation Reconstruction of trunk References Chapter 26: Effects of aging on extremities Introduction Age-related changes in extremity tissues Skin aging Adipose aging Muscle aging Bone and tendon aging Nerve aging Hand rejuvenation Relevant anatomy Grading of the severity of hand aging Hand rejuvenation methods Autologous fat grafting Nonsurgical methods Hyaluronic acid injection Calcium hydroxyapatite injection Poly-l-lactic acid injection Complications Brachioplasty (arm lift) History Anatomy Patient evaluation Surgical techniques Liposuction Minimal incision medial brachioplasty (mini-brachioplasty) Conventional brachioplasty Double ellipse technique Chest wall excess Scar placement Postsurgery care Complications References Dermatology and restorative medicine Intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging Intrinsic aging Extrinsic aging Histopathological and physiological characteristics of aging skin Epidermis Dermis Dermal fibroblasts Collagen network Elastic fibers Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Vasculature Hypodermis Skin appendages Mechanisms of skin aging Genetic factors Microbiota Stem cells Clinical features of skin aging Changes in skin appearance Impaired wound healing Age-related immune system alterations Skin cancer Prevention and treatment methods Daily skin care Sun protection Cessation of smoking Adoption of a healthy lifestyle Topical agents Topical retinoids Cosmeceuticals 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod Systemic therapeutic agents with antiaging properties Hormone replacement therapy Dietary supplements Minimally invasive procedures Cryotherapy Chemical peels Neurotoxins and dermal fillers Lasers and other energy-based devices Future treatment options References The endocrinology of aging Introduction Thyroid and aging Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in aging Menopause Late-onset hypogonadism Aging and the adrenal gland Conclusions References The aging eye and age-related ocular pathologies Tear film Dry eye disease Age-related pathogenesis Clinical findings Symptoms Examination findings Slit-lamp examination Additional tests Management Trabecular meshwork Primary open-angle glaucoma Age-related pathogenesis Clinical findings Symptoms Examination findings Fundus examination Tonometry Additional tests Management Lens Cataract Age-related pathogenesis Clinical findings Symptoms Examination findings Additional tests Management Macula Age-related macular degeneration Age-related pathogenesis Clinical findings Symptoms Examination findings Fundus examination Additional tests Management Micronutrient supplementation Anti-VEGF therapies References Aging in gastrointestinal system Chemosensation The anorexia of aging Swallowing Gastrointestinal motility Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth Aging and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis Gastrointestinal absorption Gut microbiome Immune response and the gut Liver Pancreas Conclusion References Restorative medicine in the aging genitourinary system Introduction Androgen deficiency in aging males Erectile dysfunction Incontinence Urethral catheters Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Oncology References Antiaging strategies in audiology Presbycusis Definition, etiology, and epidemiology Individual and public health consequences Treatment of presbycusis and protection against its consequences Hearing restoration Hearing aids Middle ear implantable devices and bone-anchored hearing aids Cochlear implantation Monaural vs. binaural hearing restoration New treatment strategies Result References Cardiovascular aging Introduction Pathophysiological mechanisms Inflammation Mitochondrial dysfunction Oxidative stress Genomic imbalance and telomere-Telomerase activation Nrf2 function and molecular stress adaptation disorder The role of proteostasis Atherosclerosis Clinical outcomes of vascular aging Peripheral artery disease and aging Carotid artery disease and aging Aneurysm and aging Coronary artery disease and aging Valve diseases Aortic stenosis Aortic insufficiency Mitral stenosis Mitral annular calcification Mitral insufficiency Cardiac arrhythmias References Restorative medicine in thoracic surgery Effects of aging on respiratory physiology and function Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with aging Preoperative assessment for thoracic surgery in elderly patients Postoperative complications of thoracic surgery in elderly patients Benign lung diseases and their surgical treatment in elderly patients Malignant lung diseases and their surgical treatment in elderly patients Tracheal diseases in elderly patients Palliative care in thoracic surgery Radiological imaging of the thorax in elderly patients Thorax trauma in elderly patients Pleural diseases in elderly patients References Aging women and common gynecologic problems Fertility IVF maternal age Oocyte cryopreservation Oocyte donation Preimplantation genetic screening Menopause and hormone replacement therapy Vasomotor symptoms Urogenital changes Osteoporosis Cardiovascular disease Cognitive functions Breast cancer Gynecologic cancers Ovarian cancer Endometrial cancer Diagnosis Cervical cancer Risk factors Symptoms Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Prognosis References Impact of aging on the central nervous system: Approaches for antiaging Introduction Aging and its biology in nervous system Aging and associated neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Therapeutic approaches Conclusion References Regenerative and restorative treatments of the musculoskeletal system: Focus on platelet-rich plasm Healthy aging and osteoarthritis Platelet-rich plasma Role of biologic growth factors Conclusion References Anesthesia for the elderly: Effects of aging on perioperative and postoperative care Physiologic changes with aging Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Renal system Nervous system Preoperative preparation Anesthesia management Postoperative care Pain management Temperature Nausea and vomiting Pulmonary recovery Postoperative complications Neurologic Cardiovascular Pulmonary Gastrointestinal/nutrition Renal Infections Complications related to immobility References Index