Road Planning - Freeways and Country Roads

Description

The book covers the planning and design of highways and country roads. The quality requirements for the road are derived from the network planning. After an excursus into the fundamentals of driving dynamics, the design elements are described in the site plan, in the height plan and in cross-section. After a detailed presentation of the intersection solutions, the necessary equipment is compiled. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Planung von Autobahnen und Landstraßen  by Richter Thomas published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2016. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. Preface Contents 1: Introduction 1.1 Historical Review of Country Roads and Motorways 1.2 Development of Transport 1.3 Road Planning Objectives 2: Road Network Design 2.1 Functions of the Roads 2.2 Category Groups 2.3 Connection Function 2.4 Road Networks in Europe and Germany 3: Targets with Measurement and Description Variables 3.1 Target Field Traffic Quality 3.2 Target Field Road Safety 3.3 Target Field Environment 3.4 Target Field Costs 4: Usage Requirements 5: Planning Process 5.1 General Transport Planning and Consideration Process 5.2 Planning Process for Motorways and Rural Roads 6: Road Categories and Design Classes 6.1 Motorways 6.2 Country Roads 7: Design Characteristics of the Design Classes 7.1 Motorways 7.2 Country Roads 7.2.1 Country Roads of EKL 1 7.2.2 Country Roads of the EKL 2 7.2.3 Country Roads of the EKL 3 7.2.4 Country Roads of the EKL 4 7.2.5 Dual Two-lane Rural Roads 8: Vehicle Dynamics 8.1 State of the Art 8.2 Driver–Vehicle-Road Space: Control Loop 8.2.1 Driver 8.2.2 Vehicle 8.2.3 Driving Resistances 8.2.4 Tractive and Braking Forces 8.2.5 The Street 8.3 Coefficients of Friction 8.4 Driving Dynamics of the Individual Vehicle 8.4.1 Driving on a Straight, Horizontal Road 8.4.2 Driving on a Straight Line with a Gradient 8.4.3 Driving through Curves 8.5 Driving Dynamics Derivation of Design Variables in the RAS-L 95 8.5.1 Speeds 8.5.2 Minimum Radii 8.5.3 Required Sight Distance 9: Standard Cross-sections 9.1 State of the Art 9.1.1 Road Safety 9.1.2 Traffic Flow 9.1.3 Status of the Guidelines 9.2 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways 9.2.1 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 1 9.2.2 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 2 9.2.3 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 3 9.2.4 Definition of Standard Cross-sections for Motorways 9.2.4.1 Quality Criteria 9.2.4.2 Traffic Flow on Motorway Sections 9.2.5 Standard Cross-sections for Bridges 9.3 Standard Cross-sections for Rural Roads 9.3.1 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 1 9.3.2 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 2 9.3.3 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 3 9.3.4 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of the EKL 4 9.3.5 Standard Cross-section for Roads from EKL 1 to EKL 3 with Very High Traffic Demand 9.3.6 Design of Standard Cross-sections for Rural Roads 9.3.6.1 Quality Criteria 9.3.6.2 Influencing Factors Cross-section 9.3.6.3 Length of Double and Single Lane Sections on Three-lane Roads 9.3.6.4 Line Management 9.3.6.5 Longitudinal Slope 9.3.6.6 Curvature and Overtaking Possibility 9.3.6.7 Control Conditions 9.3.6.8 Traffic Intensity and Composition 9.3.6.9 Environmental Conditions 9.3.6.10 Speed Flow Relation 9.3.6.11 Average Car Driving Speed 9.4 Cross-sectional Elements 10: Intersections 10.1 State of the Art 10.1.1 Road Safety 10.1.2 Traffic Flow 10.1.3 Status of the Guidelines 10.2 Intersections for Motorways 10.2.1 Basic Principles 10.2.1.1 Position of the Continuous Roadway 10.2.1.2 Cross-section of the Continuous Road 10.2.1.3 Alignment of the Continuous Roadway 10.2.1.4 The Distance Between Intersections 10.2.2 Four-way Motorway Intersections 10.2.3 Three-way Motorway Intersections 10.2.4 Access Intersections 10.2.5 Design Elements for Motorway Intersections 10.2.5.1 Ramps Ramp Group I Ramp Group II Ramp Design Elements 10.2.5.2 Exits Design of the Exit Areas 10.2.5.3 Interweaving 10.2.5.4 Entries 10.2.6 Dimensioning of Intersection Elements for Motorways 10.2.6.1 Entries 10.2.6.2 Weaving Sections 10.2.6.3 Exits 10.3 Intersection Types for Rural Roads 10.3.1 Types of Intersections 10.3.2 Requirements for the Intersection Design 10.3.2.1 Intersection Distances 10.3.2.2 Major Road 10.3.2.3 Alignment in Intersection Areas 10.3.2.4 Intersection Site Plan 10.3.2.5 Intersection Longitudinal Section 10.3.2.6 Road Drainage and Gradient Transitions 10.3.2.7 Carriageways 10.3.3 Intersections for Roads of EKL 1 10.3.3.1 Grade-Separated Intersections 10.3.3.2 Partly Grade-separated Intersections 10.3.4 Intersections for Roads of EKL 2 10.3.4.1 Partly at-grade Intersections 10.3.4.2 At-grade Intersections with Traffic Lights 10.3.5 Intersections for Roads of EKL 3 10.3.5.1 At-grade Intersections with Traffic Signals 10.3.5.2 Roundabouts 10.3.6 Intersections for Roads of the EKL 4 10.3.7 Design Elements for Grade-separated and Partly Grade-separated Intersections on Rural Roads 10.3.7.1 Continuous Lanes 10.3.7.2 Ramps 10.3.7.3 Entrances 10.3.8 Design Elements for At-grade Intersections and T-junctions on Rural Roads 10.3.8.1 Design Elements for Left-hand Turnings 10.3.8.2 Design Elements for Right-hand Turns 10.3.8.3 Design Elements for Crossing and Turning Vehicles 10.3.8.4 Lane Dividers: Directional Islands Construction 10.3.8.5 Triangular Islands Construction 10.3.8.6 Corner Rounding Design Notes for the Right-hand Turn-off Design Notes for a Right-hand Turn in 10.3.9 Design Elements for Roundabouts on Rural Roads 10.3.9.1 Circular Road 10.3.9.2 Circle Island 10.3.9.3 Circle Entries and Exits Construction of a Directional Island at Roundabouts 10.3.9.4 Bypass 10.3.10 Central Islands and Crossing Points 10.3.11 Dimensioning of Intersections on Rural Roads 10.3.11.1 Relevant Traffic Volumes 10.3.11.2 Intersection Geometry 10.3.11.3 Right of Way, Traffic Streams and their Ranks 10.3.11.4 Factors of Influence T-Junctions Intersections 10.3.11.5 Critical and Subsequent Time Gaps 10.3.11.6 Turn-off Device for Right-hand Traffic 10.3.11.7 Quality Criteria and Levels of Quality of Traffic Flow 10.3.11.8 Calculation of Capacity Basic Capacity Capacity T-Junction Intersection 10.3.11.9 Capacity Reserve, Average Waiting Time, Permissible Traffic Volumes 10.3.11.10 Verification of Queueing Lengths 10.3.11.11 Assessment of the Quality of Traffic Flow 11: Integrated Consideration of Road Sections and Intersections 12: Design Elements in the Site Plan 12.1 State of the Art 12.2 Basic Principles 12.3 Layout Finding 12.4 Straight Lines 12.5 Circular Curves 12.6 Transition Curve 12.7 Site Plan Curves 13: Design Elements in the Elevation Plan 13.1 State of the Art 13.2 Longitudinal Inclinations 13.3 Crest and Sag Curves 14: Design Elements in Cross Section 14.1 State of the Art 14.2 Crossfall 14.2.1 Crossfall in the Straight Line 14.2.2 Crossfall in Circular Curves 14.3 Superelevation and Superelevation Development 14.4 Widening of Carriageway in Tight Curves 14.5 Road Widening 14.6 Special Features of the Alignment in the Area of Bridges and Tunnels 15: Sight Distance 15.1 State of the Art 15.2 Required Stop Sight Distance 15.3 Orientation Sight Distance 15.4 Required Overtaking Sight Distance 15.5 Existing Sight Distance 16: Spatial Alignment 16.1 State of the Art 16.2 Site Plan Elements 16.3 Height Plan Elements 16.4 Overlay of Site Plan and Elevation Plan 16.5 Standard Spatial Elements 16.6 Deficits in Spatial Alignment 16.6.1 Visual Shadows 16.6.2 Concealed Curve Start 16.6.3 Delongation and Compression 16.6.4 Design Deficits 17: Visualization of Roads 18: Roadside Furniture and Additional Facilities 18.1 Traffic Signs 18.1.1 Danger Sign 18.1.2 Regulation Sign 18.1.3 Guidance Signs 18.2 Signposting 18.3 Road Markings 18.4 Traffic Guidance Systems 18.4.1 Delineator (Sign 620) 18.4.2 Guiding Boards and Guide Marks 18.5 Vehicle Restraint Systems (Safety Barriers) 18.6 Immission Control Devices 18.6.1 Noise Protection Measures 18.6.1.1 Modal Shift 18.6.1.2 Planting 18.6.1.3 Soundproof Facilities 18.6.1.4 Encapsulation of the Road 18.6.1.5 Building 18.7 Other Roadside Furniture Elements 18.7.1 Wild Animals Protection Fences 18.7.2 Anti-Glare Fences 18.7.3 Lighting 18.7.4 Planting 18.7.5 Service Stations 19: Drainage 19.1 Safety Aspects in the Drainage of Traffic Areas 19.2 Drainage Measures 19.3 Road Construction in Water Catchment Areas References Index