Communication Making Connections

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Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Preface About the Authors Part 1 Making Connections through Communication 1 Connecting Process and Principles in the 21st Century Communication: Making Connections What Is Communication? Why Should We Study Communication? Communication and Our Technological Society Communication and Career Development Communication and Ethical Behavior Communication and Our Multicultural Society Principles of Communication Communication Is a Process Communication Is a System Communication Is Transactional Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional Essential Components of Communication Source/Sender Determining Meanings Encoding Sending Reacting Message Interference/Noise Channel Receiver Feedback Environment Context Types of Communication Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Public Communication Mass Communication Communication via Social Media Misconceptions about Communication Myth 1: Communication Is a Cure-All Myth 2: Quantity Means Quality Myth 3: Meaning Is in the Words We Use Myth 4: We Have a Natural Ability to Communicate Myth 5: Communication Is Reversible Summary Discussion Starters 2 Connecting Perception, Self, and Communication Perception and Communication The Perception Process Selection Selective Exposure Selective Attention Selective Retention Organization Closure Proximity Similarity Interpretation Interpretation Based on Experiences Interpretation Based on New Situations Interpretations Based on Others’ Opinions Interpretation Based on Verbal Communication Perceptual Differences Perceptual Set and Stereotyping Attribution Error Physical Characteristics Psychological State Cultural Background Gender Media Improving Perception Competencies and Perception Checking Become an Active Perceiver Recognize That Each Person’s Frame of Reference Is Unique Distinguish Facts from Inferences Become Aware of the Role of Perceptions in Communication Keep an Open Mind Perception Checking: Being a Competent Communicator Perception and Self-Concept Understanding Self-Concept Development of Self-Concept Values Attitudes Beliefs Communication and Self-Concept Social Media and Perceived Self-Concept Online Self-Disclosure Online Social Connection Convenience Online Apprehension Miscommunication Culture and Perceived Self-Concept Gender and Perception of Self-Concept Sex and Gender Gender Stereotypes Gender Expectations Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Impression Management Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Impression Management Enhancing Self-Concept Summary Discussion Starters Answers 3 Connecting through Culture and Diversity Connecting with Others through Difference Understanding Culture, Diversity, and Difference Culture Is Learned Culture Is Expressed through Communication Culture Is Comprised of Rituals Communication and Cultural Variations Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures Comfort with Uncertainty Perspectives on Power Distribution Achievement and Nurturing Culture Time Orientation High-Context and Low-Context Cultures Making Connections through Group Affiliations Co-Cultures Social Identity Intercultural Communication Obstacles Anxiety Ethnocentrism Discrimination Communicating Cultural Competence Be Aware Learn Overcome Bias Show Mutual Respect Practice Your Skills Summary Discussion Starters 4 Connecting through Verbal Communication The Power of Language The Elements of Language Sounds Words Grammar Meaning Do Words Contain Meaning? Words Have Denotative and Connotative Meanings Words Can Be Concrete or Abstract Words Can Be Specific or Vague Meaning Depends on Commonalities Language Can Obscure Meanings Language-Based Barriers to Communication Meanings Can Be Misunderstood Language Can Shape Our Attitudes Language Can Cause Polarization Language Can Be Sexist or Homophobic Culture Affects Language Use Language and Social Influences How to Use Language Effectively Use Accurate Language Use Vivid Language Use Immediate Language Use Appropriate Language Use Metaphorical Language Summary Discussion Starters 5 Connecting through Nonverbal Communication What Is Nonverbal Communication? Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of Expression Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous Why Should You Know about Nonverbal Communication? An Overview Functions of Nonverbal Communication Complementing Verbal Behavior Repeating Verbal Behavior Regulating Verbal Behavior Substituting for Verbal Behavior Deceiving Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial Expressions and Body Movements Eye Behavior Or Oculesics Facial Expressions Body Movements Physical Characteristics Touch Space Time Paralanguage/Vocalics Silence Artifacts Environment Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication Summary Discussion Starters 6 Connecting through Social Media and New Technologies Connecting with Others via Social Media and New Technologies History of New Technologies Convergence and Multitasking Benefits and Challenges for Society Distinguishing Social Media from Face-to-Face Communication Interactivity Temporal Structure Social Cues Replicability Storage Reach Mobility Theories of Social Media and New Technologies Social Information Processing Theory Media Multiplexity Theory Media Richness Theory Managing the Dark Side of Social Media and New Technologies Compulsive and Excessive Internet Use Flaming/Trolling Inappropriate Self-Disclosure Cyberstalking and Cyberbullying Improving Communication Competence via Social Media Summary Discussion Starters 7 Connecting Listening and Thinking in the Communication Process The Importance of Effective Listening Effective Listening The Harfield Cognitive Listening Model Sensing Information Processing: Evaluation, Interpretation, and Understanding Remembering Thinking Focus and Attention Interpreting Evaluating Responding and Sending Feedback The Functions of Listening Listening to Obtain Information Listening to Evaluate Listening with Empathy Listening for Enjoyment Barriers to Effective Listening Consider the Topic or Speaker Uninteresting Criticize the Speaker Instead of the Message Concentrate on Details, Not Main Ideas Avoid Difficult Listening Situations Tolerate or Fail to Adjust to Distractions Fake Attention Bias and Prejudice Preferred Thinking Critical Listening and Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Messages Assess the Speaker’s Motivation Judge the Accuracy of the Speaker’s Conclusions Improve Listening Competence Summary Discussion Starters Part 2 Connecting in the Public and Relational Contexts 8 Selecting a Topic and Connecting to the Audience Select a Speech Topic Select an Appropriate Topic Techniques for Finding a Topic Self-Inventory Brainstorming Review the Current Media Engage with Social Media and Ted Conduct An Internet Search Assess the Appropriateness of a Topic Narrow the Topic Determine the General Purpose, Specific Purpose, and Thesis of a Speech The General Purpose Informative Speeches Persuasive Speeches Entertainment Speeches The Specific Purpose The Thesis Audience Analysis: Connecting with the Listeners Understand the Listeners’ Point of View Captive versus Voluntary Participants Key Audience Information Demographic Analysis Psychological Analysis Ways to Learn about the Audience Observation Survey Interviews Questionnaires Use Information to Connect with Listeners A Note about Digital Public Communication Summary Discussion Starters 9 Research: Gathering and Using Information Develop a Research Plan Research: Gathering Information The Internet as an Information Source Social Media as an Information Source You as an Information Source The Interview as an Information Source The Library as an Information Source The Library Computer Search Suggestions for Research Use Research to Support and Clarify Ideas Testimony Examples Brief Examples Illustrations Analogies Definitions Statistics Summary Discussion Starters 10 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech Organize the Body of Your Speech Develop the Main Points Relate Main Points, Specific Purpose, and Thesis Present the Main Points Be Specific Limit the Number of Main Points Order the Main Points Choosing the Best Pattern Connect the Main Points Transitions Signposts Internal Previews Internal Summaries Support the Main Points Organize the Introduction of Your Speech Orient the Audience to the Topic Refer to the Subject or Occasion Use Personal References or Narratives Ask Rhetorical Questions Present A Startling Statement Use Humor Incorporate Quotations State the Specific Purpose and Thesis Motivate the Audience to Listen Forecast the Main Points Organize the Conclusion of Your Speech Show That You Are Finishing the Speech Make Your Thesis Clear Review the Main Points End with a Memorable Thought Synthesize and Summarize Outline Your Speech Principles of Outlining The Preliminary Outline The Full-Sentence Outline The Presentational Outline Summary Discussion Starters 11 Managing Anxiety and Apprehension When Delivering Your Speech Manage Speech Anxiety Communication Apprehension Symptoms of Speech Anxiety Causes of Speech Anxiety Communication Apprehension, Anxiety, and Cultural Concerns Treating Speech Anxiety and Apprehension Methods of Delivery Impromptu Delivery Manuscript Delivery Memorized Delivery Extemporaneous Delivery Vocal and Physical Aspects of Delivery Vocal Aspects Vocal Quality Intelligibility Vocal Variety Physical Aspects Personal Appearance Body Movement Gestures Facial Expressions Eye Contact Presentational Aids Benefits of Presentational Aids Make a Speech Understandable and Memorable Enhance Speaker Credibility Create Audience Attention and Interest Provide Support Help With Delivery Choose and Use Effective Presentational Aids Types of Presentational Aids Computer-Generated Images Video and Digitized Video Clips Real Objects Models Photographs, Drawings, and Diagrams Presentation Software Decide When and Whether to Use PowerPoint or Prezi in Your Presentations Create Effective PowerPoint or Prezi Presentations Color Type and Size of Font Displaying the Slide Show Use of Graphics and Pictures Using Presentational Aids: Who’s Really in Control? Poise Recovery Practice Your Delivery Summary Discussion Starters 12 Informative and Persuasive Speaking Distinctions between Informative and Persuasive Speaking The Goals of Persuasive Speaking Topics for Informative and Persuasive Speeches The Informative Speech Objects Processes Events Concepts The Persuasive Speech Questions of Fact Questions of Value Questions of Policy Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech Gain and Maintain Audience Attention Generate A Need For The Information Create Information Relevance Provide A Fresh Perspective Focus On The Unusual Increase Understanding of the Topic Organize Your Presentation Choose Language Carefully Use Description Use Definitions Hints for Effective Informative Speaking Avoid Assumptions Personalize Information Evaluating the Informative Speech Topic General Requirements Audience Analysis Supporting Materials Organization Delivery Language Choice Persuasive Claims Establishing Credibility (Ethos) Competence Character Trustworthiness Ethics Charisma Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech Researching the Topic Organizing the Speech The Problem–Solution Pattern The Cause–Effect Pattern Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Pattern Supporting Materials Appeals To Needs Logical Appeals (logos) Emotional Appeals Fallacies in Argument Development Fallacies of Reason Questionable Cause Ad Hominem Fallacies of Evidence Fact Versus Opinion Red Herring Hasty Generalization Post Hoc Fallacy Either–or Reasoning Evaluating the Persuasive Speech Summary Discussion Starters 299 Appendix 12 13 Connecting through Interpersonal Communication: Developing, Maintaining, and Dissolving Relationships Connecting with Others via Interpersonal Communication Relationships Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Competence Theories of Interpersonal Communication Uncertainty Reduction Theory Uncertainty Management Theory Social Penetration Theory Social Exchange Theory Interpersonal Needs Theory The Need for Affection The Need for Inclusion The Need for Control Dialectical Theory Connection–Autonomy Openness– Closedness Novelty–Predictability Managing Relational Tensions Self-Disclosure in Relationships Why Do We Self-Disclose? Self-presentation Relationship Building Catharsis When Shouldn’t We Self-Disclose Too Much? Self-Disclosure and Privacy Self-Disclosure and Gender Self-Disclosure and Culture Self-Disclosure and Rhetorical Sensitivity Relationship Formation Interpersonal Attraction Physical Attributes Communication and Attraction Chemistry or Physical Attraction Meeting Online Relationships: Initiation or Coming Together Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Relationship Maintenance Strategies Positivity Openness Assurances Blending Social Networks Sharing Tasks Relationship Dissolution Signs That Show a Relationship Is in Trouble Aggressive Behavior Lies Betrayal Relationships: Coming Apart or Breaking Up Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Interpersonal Conflict What Causes Conflict? Does Conflict Have to Be Destructive? When Is Conflict Beneficial? What Are Useful Strategies for Conflict Management or Resolution in Interpersonal Relationships? Withdrawing Accommodating Forcing Negotiating Collaboration Relational Repair Strategies Improving Communication Competence in Relationships Establish Supportive and Caring Relationships Nurture a Supportive Environment Invite More Communication Summary Discussion Starters 14 Connecting through Participating in Groups and Teams Small-Group Communication: Making the Connection to Our Everyday Lives What a Group Is What a Work Team Is Purposes and Types of Groups Primary Groups Secondary Groups Social Media Groups Characteristics of Small Groups Interdependence Commitment Cohesiveness Gender Differences in Group Behavior Establishing a Group Culture Group Size Group Norms Leadership Leading a Group or Team Leadership Styles and Behavior Leadership and Task or Relationship Orientation Leadership and Power Distribution Leadership and Gender Differences Ethical Behavior in Group Communication Member Participation Roles of Group Members Contributions of Group Members Reaching Group Members’ Consensus Managing Group Conflict Conflict and Group Communication Ethical Behavior and Conflict Problem Solving and Decision Making Determining and Stating the Problem Discuss the Problem and Its Solution Dewey’s Reflective Thinking Gouran and Hirokawa’s Functional Theory Brainstorming Working in Groups or Teams: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages The Disadvantages of Working in Small Groups Going Along to Get Along Time-Consuming Nature of Group Work Varying Interaction Unfair Workloads Pressure to Fail Grouphate Phenomenon Evaluating Small-Group Performance Summary Discussion Starters 15 Connecting through Workplace Communication: Preparing for Your Future Communication and a Successful Career Conducting the Job Search Networking Career Fairs The Internet Preparing for an Interview Writing a Résumé Examples of Résumés Creating Your Website or Blog Researching the Organization via the Web Writing the Cover Letter Developing Questions to Ask the Interviewer The Mock Interview How to Dress for an Interview The Interview Creating a Favorable First Impression Frequently Asked Questions Interviewing and Technology Writing a Thank-You Note Getting the Job Offer Factors Leading to Job Offers Factors Leading to Rejection Summary Discussion Starters Glossary Endnotes Text Credits Index Back Cover