PET/CT in Head and Neck Cancer (Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging)

Description

This pocket book is an up-to-date guide to the diagnostic imaging of head and neck cancers. The focus is particularly on FDG PET/CT, with coverage of the basic principles, clinical indications, typical and atypical appearances, normal variations and artifacts, advantages, limitations, and pitfalls. Consideration is also given to emerging roles for PET/CT in head and neck cancer, including radiotherapy planning and treatment response monitoring, and to radiotracers beyond FDG. In addition, succinct information is provided on clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, pathology, management, and other diagnostic imaging techniques. A brief discourse on the practice of guideline adoption is included. The book is published within the Springer series Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging (compiled under the auspices of the British Nuclear Medicine Society) and will be an excellent asset for clinicians, nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, radiographers, technologists, and nurses who work in the field of head and neck cancer.  Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Contents Contributors 1: Clinical Background of Head and Neck Tumours 1.1 Causes 1.2 Epidemiology 1.3 Clinical Presentation 1.4 Diagnosis 1.5 Classification and Staging 1.6 Outcomes References 2: Pathology of Head and Neck Tumours 2.1 Squamous Epithelium: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SqCC) 2.2 Respiratory Epithelium: Adenocarcinoma 2.3 Salivary Glands 2.4 Soft Tissues 2.5 Metastatic Disease Reference 3: Management of Head and Neck Tumours 3.1 Surgery 3.2 Radiotherapy 3.3 Curative and Adjuvant Chemotherapy 3.4 Effects of Age and Comorbidity 3.5 Locoregional Recurrence 3.6 Incurable Disease References 4: Radiological Imaging in Head and Neck Tumours 4.1 Primary Diagnosis/Staging 4.2 Post Treatment Assessment 4.2.1 Sequelae of Surgery 4.2.2 Sequelae of Radiotherapy 4.3 Radiotherapy Planning 4.4 Normal Variants and Artefacts 4.5 Advantages of MR, CT and USS 4.5.1 MRI 4.5.2 CT 4.5.3 Ultrasound 4.6 Limitations of MR, CT, USS 4.6.1 MRI 4.6.2 CT 4.6.3 USS 4.7 Pitfalls References 5: 18F FDG PET/CT: Normal Variants, Artefacts and Pitfalls in Head and Neck Malignancy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Variants/Alterations in Physiological Uptake 5.2.1 Surgical Changes 5.2.2 Radiation Changes 5.3 Pitfalls Due to Treatment Complications 5.4 Pitfalls Due to False Negative Findings References 6: PET/CT in Head and Neck Tumours 6.1 Primary Diagnosis 6.2 Staging 6.3 Response Assessment 6.4 Post-treatment Assessment 6.5 Radiotherapy (RT) Planning 6.6 Normal Variants and Artefacts 6.7 Limitations/Pitfalls 6.8 FDG PET/CT for H&N Non-SqCC 6.9 PET Radiotracers Beyond FDG 6.9.1 Thymidine 3-Deoxy-3-18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) 6.9.2 Radiotracers for Detecting Hypoxia 6.9.3 11C–Choline PET/CT References 7: PET/CT in Head and Neck Tumours: Treatment Sequelae Mimicking Active Disease—A Pictorial Atlas 7.1 Case 1: Residual Tongue Mimicking Recurrent Disease 7.2 Case 2: Post-tonsillectomy 7.3 Case 3: Osteonecrosis 7.4 Case 4: Radio-osteonecrosis 7.5 Case 5: Radiation Myelitis 7.6 Case 6: Recent Neck Dissection: Cylous Collection 7.7 Case 7: Granulomas 7.8 Case 8: Post-chemoradiotherapy Neck 7.9 Case 9: Post-chemoradiotherapy Neck 7.10 Case 10: Post-chemoradiotherapy Neck 7.11 Teaching Points Reference Appendices Appendix 1.1.1: TNM Classification for the Primary Tumour Appendix 1.1.2: TNM Classification for the Primary Tumor Appendix 1.1.3: TNM Classification for the Primary Site Appendix 1.1.4: TNM Classification for the Primary Tumor Appendix 1.2.1: TNM Classification for Regional Nodal Metastases (Nasopharynx) Appendix 1.2.2: TNM Classification for Regional Nodal Metastases (for All H&N Subsites Except for Skin, Thyroid, and Nasopharynx) Appendix 2.1: Stage Grouping (the Larynx, All Subsites) Anatomic Stage/Prognostic Groups Appendix 2.2: Stage Grouping (Lip and Oral Cavity) Anatomic Stage/Prognostic Groups Appendix 2.3: Stage Grouping (Pharynx) Anatomic Stage/Prognostic Groups Appendix 2.4: Stage Grouping (Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses) Anatomic Stage/Prognostic Groups Appendix 3: Reconstructive H&N Surgery Non-vascularized Tissue Transfer Pedicled Tissue Transfer Free Vascularized Tissue Transfer Appendix 4: Classification of Neck Dissection Radical Neck Dissection Modified Radical Neck Dissection Appendix 5: MR Scanning Appendix 6: MRI, CT, and USS Diagnosis of Nodal Involvement MRI/CT Size of Node Number of Nodes Shape of Node Appearance of Node Ultrasound Appendix 7: Applying Clinical Guidelines: A Synthesis of Evidence and Practice in Guideline Adoption Appendix 8: Haemato-lymphoid Tumours Addendum Glossary and Abbreviations Index