Using information technology : a practical introduction to computers & communications

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Cover Title Copyright Contents To the Instructor 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: THE FUTURE NOW UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information Technology, & Your Life 1.1 Information Technology & Your Life: The Future Now Two Parts of IT: Computers & Communications Education: The Promise of More Interactive & Individualized Learning Health: High Tech for Wellness Money & Business: Toward the Cashless Society Government & Electronic Democracy: Participating in the Civic Realm Jobs & Careers Your Personal Life 1.2 Information Technology Is Pervasive: Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World The Phone Grows Up "You've Got Mail!" Email's Mass Impact The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the "Plumbing of Cyberspace" UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology 1.3 The Practical User: How Becoming Tech Smart Benefits You 1.4 The "All-Purpose Machine": The Varieties of Computers All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Workstations Microcomputers Microcontrollers Servers 1.5 Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work: Three Key Concepts Customizing a Desktop Computer: Basic Knowledge of How a Computer Works Input Hardware: Keyboard & Mouse Processing & Memory Hardware: Inside the System Cabinet Storage Hardware: Hard Drive & CD/DVD Drive Output Hardware: Video & Sound Cards, Monitor, Speakers, & Printer Communications Hardware: Modem Software 1.6 Where Is Information Technology Headed? Computers: Miniaturization, Speed, & Affordability Communications: Connectivity, Interactivity, & Multimedia When Computers & Communications Converge: Portability, Personalization, Collaboration, Cloud Computing, & Artificial Intelligence "E" Also Stands for Ethics 2 THE INTERNET & THE WORLD WIDE WEB: EXPLORING CYBERSPACE UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web 2.1 Connecting to the Internet: Narrowband, Broadband, & Access Providers Narrowband (Dial-Up Modem): Low Speed but Inexpensive High-Speed Phone Lines: More Expensive but Available in Cities & Most Towns Problem for Telephone Internet Connections: The Last Mile Cable Modem: Close Competitor to DSL Satellite Wireless Connections Other Wireless Connections: Wi-Fi, 3G, & 4G Internet Access Providers 2.2 How Does the Internet Work? Internet Connections: POPs, IXPs, Backbone, & Internet2 Internet Communications: Protocols, Packets, & IP Addresses Who Runs the Internet? 2.3 The World Wide Web The Face of the Web: Browsers, Websites, & Web Pages How the Browser Finds Things: URLs The Nuts & Bolts of the Web: HTML & Hyperlinks Using Your Browser to Get around the Web Web Portals: Starting Points for Finding Information Search Services & Search Engines & How They Work Four Web Search Tools: Individual Search Engines, Subject Directories, Metasearch Engines, & Specialized Search Engines Smart Searching: Three General Strategies Multimedia Search Tools: Image, Audio, & Video Searching Tagging: Saving Links for Easier Retrieval Later UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use 2.4 Email, Instant Messaging, & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net Two Ways to Send & Receive Email How to Use Email Instant Messaging Discussion Groups: Mailing Lists, Newsgroups, & Message Boards FTP: For Transferring Large Files 2.5 The Online Gold Mine: Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce, & Social Networking Telephony: The Internet Telephone Multimedia on the Web The Web Automatically Comes to You: Webcasting, Blogging, & Podcasting E-Commerce: B2C, B2C, & C2C Web 2.0, the Social Web: Social Networking, Media Sharing, & Social-Network Aggregation Web 3.0: Computer-Generated Information with Less Human Interaction 2.6 The Intrusive Internet: Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, Spyware, & Malware Snooping on Your Email & Texts: Your Messages Are Open to Anyone Spam: Electronic Junk Mail Spoofing, Phishing, & Pharming: Phony Email Senders & Websites Cookies: Convenience or Hindrance? Spyware—Adware, Browser & Search Hijackers, & Key Loggers: Intruders to Track Your Habits & Steal Your Data Malware: The Viciousness of Viruses Passwords 3 SOFTWARE: TOOLS FOR PRODUCTIVITY & CREATIVITY UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power 3.1 The Operating System: What It Does Booting CPU Management File Management Task Management Security Management 3.2 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs Device Drivers: Running Peripheral Hardware Utilities: Service Programs 3.3 Common Features of the User Interface The GUI: The Graphical User Interface The Help Command 3.4 Common Operating Systems Stand-Alone Operating Systems: Macintosh & Windows Network Operating Systems: OES, Windows Server, Unix, & Linux Embedded Operating Systems UNIT 3B: Application Software: Getting Started 3.5 Application Software: Where to Get It, How to Use It Sources of Software: For Sale, For Free, or For Rent? Tutorials & Documentation Types of Application Software 3.6 Data Files & Program Files Data Files Program Files Exchanging Data Files: Exporting & Importing Data Compression: Putting More Data in Less Space 3.7 Word Processing Software 3.8 Spreadsheet Programs The Basics: How Spreadsheet Programs Work Analytical Graphics: Creating Charts 3.9 Database Software The Benefits of Database Software The Basics: How Databases Work 3.10 Software Suites & Integrated Packages Software Suites Integrated Packages Personal Information Managers 3.11 Specialty Application Software Presentation Graphics Software Financial Software Desktop Publishing Drawing & Painting Programs Video/Audio Editing Software Animation Software Multimedia Authoring Software Web Page Design/Authoring Software Project Management Software Portable Document Format (PDF) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 4 HARDWARE: THE CPU & STORAGE—THE SOURCE OF COMPUTING POWER UNIT 4A: Processing: The System Unit, Microprocessors, & Main Memory 4.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility Miniaturization Miracles: Microchips & Microprocessors Miniaturization Leads to Mobility The System Unit 4.2 Representing Data Electronically The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions Machine Language 4.3 Inside the System Unit: Power Supply, Motherboard, & Microprocessors Bays, Buttons, & Boards Power Supply The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip The System Clock & Processing Speeds 4.4 The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle The Control Unit & the Machine Cycle The Arithmetic/Logic Unit Registers Buses & Word Size 4.5 Memory RAM Cache Memory ROM Flash Memory CMOS 4.6 Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports Expansion Slots & Adapter Cards Expansion Bus Lines Ports UNIT 4B: Secondary Storage 4.7 Secondary Storage Hard Disks Optical Disks: CDs, DVDs, & Blu-ray Disks Flash & Solid-State Memory Smart Cards Cloud Storage 4.8 Future Developments in Processing & Storage Future Developments in Processing Future Developments in Secondary Storage 5 HARDWARE: INPUT & OUTPUT—TAKING CHARGE OF COMPUTING & COMMUNICATIONS UNIT 5A: Input Hardware 5.1 Keyboards The Different Types of Keyboards Terminals 5.2 Pointing Devices The Mouse Variations on the Mouse: Trackball, Touchpad, & Pointing Stick Touch Screen Multitouch Screen Pen Input 5.3 Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning & Reading Devices Image-Capture Devices Audio-Input Devices Sensors Biometric-Input Devices 5.4 The Future of Input Toward More Input from Remote Locations Toward More Source Data Automation Designs That Imitate the Physical World: Will They Be Abandoned? UNIT 5B: Output Hardware 5.5 Softcopy Output: Display Screens Features of Display Screens Types of Display Devices 5.6 Hardcopy Output: Printers Impact Printers Nonimpact Printers Multifunction Printers: Printers That Do More Than Print Plotters Specialty Printers 5.7 Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, & Video Sound Output Voice Output Video Output 5.8 The Future of Output More Unusual Forms of Output More Data Used in Output More Realistic Output 5.9 Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics Health Matters Ergonomics: Design with People in Mind 6 COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS, & CYBERTHREATS: THE WIRED & WIRELESS WORLD UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Media 6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age Analog versus Digital Electrical Signals: Continuous Waves versus Discontinuous Bursts Purpose of the Modem: Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals & Back 6.2 Networks The Benefits of Networks Types of Networks: WANs, MANs, & Others Network Architectures: How Networks Are Structured—Client-Server & Peer to Peer Intranets, Extranets, VPNs, & Firewalls Components of a Network Network Topologies Ethernet 6.3 Wired Communications Media Wired Communications Media: Wires & Cables Wired Communications Media for Homes 6.4 Wireless Communications Media The Electromagnetic Spectrum, the Radio-Frequency (RF) Spectrum, & Bandwidth Five Types of Wireless Communications Media Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication Short-Range Wireless: Two-Way Communication UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues 6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves Trolls Spies Hackers Thieves 6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware Online Safety 6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft The Threat to Privacy Identity Theft 7 PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY: THE FUTURE IS YOU UNIT 7A: Personal Devices for Improving Productivity at School & Work 7.1 Convergence, Portability, & Personalization Convergence Portability Personalization Popular Personal Technologies 7.2 Smartphones: More Than Talk How Do Cellphones & Smartphones Differ? How a Mobile Phone Works Text Messaging Using Mobile Phones in College The Societal Effects of Mobile Phones 7.3 Tablets & E-Readers The Tablet: What It Is, What It Does The E-Reader: The Reading Machine The Benefits of E-Readers How an E-Reader Works The Drawbacks of E-Readers 7.4 Portable Media Players Principal Features of MP3 Players The Societal Effects of MP3 Players Using MP3 Players in College UNIT 7B: Personal Devices for Enriching Leisure & Life 7.5 Digital Cameras: Changing Photography How Digital Cameras Work The Societal Effects of Digital Cameras 7.6 High-Tech Radio: Satellite, Hybrid Digital, & Internet Satellite Radio HD Radio Internet Radio 7.7 Digital Television Interactive, Internet, & Internet-Ready TV: What's the Difference? Three Kinds of Television: DTV, HDTV, SDTV The Societal Effects of the New TV 7.8 Videogame Systems: The Ultimate Convergence Machine? 8 THE ERA OF BIG DATA: DATABASES, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT 8A: Files & Databases 8.1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts How Data Is Organized: The Data Storage Hierarchy The Key Field 8.2 Database Management Systems The Benefits of Database Management Systems Three Database Components The Database Administrator 8.3 Database Models Hierarchical Database Network Database Relational Database Object-Oriented Database Multidimensional Database 8.4 Data Mining The Process of Data Mining UNIT 8B: Big Data, Information Systems, & Artificial Intelligence 8.5 The Evolving World of Big Data Three Implications of Big Data The Uses of Big Data 8.6 Information Systems in Organizations: Using Databases to Help Make Decisions The Qualities of Good Information Information Flows within an Organization Computer-Based Information Systems Office Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Executive Support Systems Expert Systems 8.7 Artificial Intelligence Conventional AI versus Computational Intelligence: "Neats" versus "Scruffies" Weak AI versus Strong AI Expert Systems Natural Language Processing Intelligent Agents Pattern Recognition Virtual Reality & Simulation Devices Robotics Fuzzy Logic Neural Networks 8.8. Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & the Singularity How Can We Know a Machine Is Truly Intelligent? "The Singularity": The Concept of Smarter-Than-Human Computers Ethics in AI Databases: Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft 9 THE CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL AGE: SOCIETY & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TODAY UNIT 9A: Security, Privacy, & Surveillance Concerns 9.1 Security Issues: Threats to Computers & Communications Systems Errors, Accidents, & Natural Hazards Computer Crimes 9.2 Security Safeguards: Protecting Computers & Communications Deterrents to Computer Crime Identification & Access Encryption Protection of Software & Data Disaster-Recovery Plans 9.3 Privacy & Surveillance: Data Collectors & Spies Business & Cyberspying Government & Cyberspying Spying, Hacking, & Cyberwarfare by Foreign Governments & Groups UNIT 9B: Other Social, Economic, & Political Issues 9.4 Truth Issues: Manipulating Digital Data Manipulation of Sound Manipulation of Photos Manipulation of Video & Television 9.5 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment, Mental Health, Child Protection, & the Workplace Environmental Problems Mental Health Problems Protecting Children: Pornography, Sexual Predators, & Online Bullies Workplace Problems: Impediments to Productivity 9.6 Economic & Political Issues: Employment & the Haves/Have-Nots Technology, the Job Killer? Digital Divide between Rich & Poor Whom Does the Internet Serve? In a World of Breakneck Change, Can You Still Thrive? 10 BUILDING SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRAMMING, & LANGUAGES UNIT 10A: Systems Development & Programming 10.1 Systems Development & the Life Cycle of a Software Project The Purpose of Systems Analysis & Design Getting the Project Going: How It Starts, Who's Involved The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design The First Phase: Preliminary Investigation The Second Phase: Systems Analysis The Third Phase: Systems Design The Fourth Phase: Systems Development The Fifth Phase: Systems Implementation The Sixth Phase: Systems Maintenance 10.2 Programming: Traditionally a Five-Step Procedure The First Step: Clarify the Programming Needs The Second Step: Design the Program The Third Step: Code the Program The Fourth Step: Test the Program The Fifth Step: Document & Maintain the Program UNIT 10B: Programming Languages 10.3 Five Generations of Programming Languages First Generation: Machine Language Second Generation: Assembly Language Third Generation: High-Level or Procedural Languages Fourth Generation: Very-High-Level or Problem-Oriented Languages Fifth Generation: Natural Languages 10.4 Programming Languages Used Today FORTRAN COBOL BASIC Pascal C C++ LISP 10.5 Object-Oriented & Visual Programming Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Visual Programming: The Example of Visual BASIC 10.6 Markup & Scripting Languages HTML VRML XML JavaScript Flash ActiveX CGI (Common Gateway Interface) Perl PHP (Personal Home Page, or PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) Notes Credits Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z