Basic Mechanical Engineering

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Cover About Pearson Title Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition About the Author Acknowledgements 1 Concepts of Thermodynamics and Properties of Gases 1.1 Introduction Macroscopic Vs Microscopic Viewpoint of Thermodynamics Macroscopic (Classical Thermodynamics) Microscopic (Statistical Thermodynamics) 1.2 Important Terminologies Used in Thermodynamics Properties of a System State and Equilibrium Systems and Control Volumes Open and Closed Systems 1.3 Specific Heat Capacity 1.3.1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv) 1.3.2 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (CP  ) 1.3.3 Relationship Between Cp and Cv 1.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 1.4.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 1.4.2 Internal Energy 1.4.3 Physical Interpretation of Internal Energy 1.4.4 Energy Transfer Across the System Boundary (Heat and Work) 1.4.5 Non-flow Processes 1.4.6 Application of First Law of Thermodynamics in Steady Flow Process and Variable Flow Process 1.4.7 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics 1.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 1.5.1 Kelvin-Planck Statement 1.5.2 Clausius Statement 1.5.3 Equivalence of Kelvin–Planck and Clausius Statement 1.6 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 1.7 The Carnot Cycle 1.8 The Clausius Inequality 1.9 Entropy and Entropy Generation 1.9.1 Entropy 1.9.2 Entropy Generation 1.9.3 Entropy Balance 1.9.4 Evaluation of Entropy Change 1.10 Third Law of Thermodynamics 1.11 Gas Laws 1.11.1 Boyle’s Law 1.11.2 Charles’s Law 1.11.3 Gay–Lussac’s Law 1.11.4 The Combined Gas Law 1.11.5 Gas Constant Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 2 Fuels and Combustion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Coal 2.2.1 Analysis of Coal 2.2.2 Advantages of Solid Fuels over the Liquid Fuels 2.3 Liquid Fuels 2.3.1 Petroleum 2.3.2 Kerosene 2.3.3 Diesel 2.3.4 Gasoline 2.3.5 Calorific Value of Liquid Fuels 2.3.6 Major Contents of Liquid Fuels 2.3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Fuels over Solid Fuels 2.4 Gaseous Fuels 2.4.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) 2.4.2 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 2.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gaseous Fuels over the Solid Fuels 2.5 Biofuels 2.5.1 Bioalcohols 2.5.2 Biodiesel 2.5.3 Green Diesel 2.5.4 Vegetable Oil 2.5.5 Biogas 2.5.6 Bioethers 2.5.7 Syngas 2.5.8 Solid Biofuels 2.5.9 Scope of Second-generation Biofuels 2.6 Combustion 2.6.1 Principle of Combustion 2.7 Determination of Calorific Value of Fuel Using Bomb Calorimeter Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 3 Power Plant Engineering and Sources of Energy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Prime Movers 3.2.1 Historical Development of Prime Movers 3.3 Power Plant Engineering 3.3.1 Thermal Power Plant 3.3.2 Hydroelectric Power Plant 3.3.3 Nuclear Power Plant 3.3.4 Diesel Power Plant 3.3.5 Tidal Power Plant 3.3.6 The Geothermal Power Plant 3.3.7 Windmill 3.4 Sources of Energy 3.4.1 Renewable Energy 3.4.2 Non-renewable Energy Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions 4 Properties of Steam and Steam Generators 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure 4.3 Throttling Calorimeter 4.4 Separating and Throttling Calorimeter 4.5 Steam Table 4.6 Mollier Diagram or h–S Chart 4.7 Steam Generators/Boilers 4.7.1 Classification of Boilers 4.7.2 Requirements of a Good Boiler 4.7.3 Cochran Boiler 4.7.4 Babcock and Wilcox Boiler 4.7.5 Locomotive Boiler 4.7.6 Lancashire Boiler 4.7.7 Cornish Boiler 4.8 Boiler Mountings 4.8.1 Safety Valves 4.8.2 High Steam Low Water Safety Valve 4.8.3 Water Level Indicator 4.8.4 Pressure Gauge 4.8.5 Feed Check Valve 4.8.6 Steam Stop Valve 4.8.7 Blow-off Cock 4.8.8 Fusible Plug 4.8.9 Manhole 4.9 Boiler Accessories 4.9.1 Economizer 4.9.2 Air Preheater 4.9.3 Superheater 4.9.4 Feed Pump 4.9.5 Injector 4.9.6 Steam Trap 4.9.7 Steam Separator 4.9.8 Pressure Reducing Valve 4.10 Performance of Boilers Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 5 Steam and Gas Turbines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Steam Engine and its Working Principles 5.2.1 Modified Rankine Cycle: Theoretical Indicator Diagram 5.2.2 Rankine Cycle 5.3 Steam Turbines 5.3.1 Classification of Steam Turbine 5.3.2 Compounding of Impulse Turbine 5.3.3 Impulses-reaction Turbine (Reaction Turbine) 5.3.4 Differences Between Impulse and Reaction Turbines 5.3.5 Losses in Steam Turbines 5.3.6 Governing of Steam Turbines 5.4 Gas Turbines 5.4.1 Classification of Gas Turbine 5.4.2 Applications of Gas Turbines 5.4.3 Gas Turbine Cycle with Regenerator 5.4.4 Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheating and Intercooling Points to Remember Important Formulae Objective Questions Gas Turbine Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 6 Internal Combustion Engines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification of i.c. Engines 6.3 Basic Structure of i.c. Engines 6.3.1 Nomenclature 6.4 Working Principle of i.c. Engines 6.4.1 Four-stroke Spark Ignition Engine 6.4.2 Four-stroke Compression Ignition Engine 6.4.3 Two-stroke Spark Ignition Engine 6.4.4 Two-stroke C.I. Engine 6.4.5 Comparison Between Four-stroke and Two-stroke Engines 6.4.6 Comparison Between S.I. and C.I. Engines 6.4.7 Comparison Between Otto Cycle and Diesel Cycle 6.5 Valve Timing Diagrams 6.5.1 Valve Timing Diagram for Four-stroke S.I. Engines 6.5.2 Port Timing Diagram for Two-stroke S.I. Engines 6.5.3 Valve Timing Diagram for Four-stroke C.I. Engines 6.6 Otto Cycle 6.7 Diesel Cycle 6.8 Dual Cycle 6.9 Engine Performance Parameters 6.10 Emission Control 6.10.1 Types of Emissions 6.10.2 Emission Control Techniques 6.11 Some Recent Developments in Automotive Technology 6.11.1 Multi-point Fuel Injection 6.11.2 Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) 6.11.3 Hybrid Engine Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 7 Heat Transfer 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Conduction 7.1.2 Convection 7.1.3 Radiation 7.1.4 Combined Heat Transfer Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 8 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Refrigerator and Heat Pump 8.3 Components of Refrigeration System 8.3.1 Evaporator 8.3.2 Compressor 8.3.3 Condenser 8.3.4 Expansion Valve 8.4 Types of Refrigeration Systems 8.4.1 Air-refrigeration System 8.4.2 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System 8.4.3 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 8.5 Type of Refrigerants 8.6 Domestic Refrigerator 8.7 Psychrometry 8.8 Psychrometric Processes 8.8.1 Psychrometric Chart 8.9 Air Washers 8.10 Human Comfort Conditions 8.11 Room Air Conditioner 8.11.1 Window Air Conditioner 8.11.2 Split Air Conditioner 8.11.3 Difference Between Split and Window ACs Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 9 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines FLUID MECHANICS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Properties of Fluids 9.2.1 Density 9.2.2 Viscosity 9.2.3 Newtonian and Non-newtonian Fluids 9.2.4 Surface Tension 9.2.5 Capillarity 9.2.6 Pressure Variation with Depth 9.3 Bernoulli’s Equation 9.4 Types of Flow HYDRAULIC MACHINES 9.5 Introduction 9.6 Hydraulic Turbines 9.6.1 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines 9.7 Terminology Used in Turbine 9.8 Pelton Turbine 9.8.1 Main Components of Pelton Turbine 9.8.2 Selection of Speed of Pelton Turbine 9.8.3 Velocity Triangle for Pelton Turbine 9.9 Francis Turbine 9.9.1 Main Components of Francis Turbine 9.9.2 Different Shapes of Draft Tubes 9.10 Kaplan Turbine 9.10.1 Velocity Triangle for Kaplan Turbine 9.11 Governing of Turbines 9.12 Pumps 9.13 Centrifugal Pump 9.13.1 Main Components of Centrifugal Pump 9.13.2 Velocity Triangle for Centrifugal Pump 9.13.3 Various Heads and Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps 9.13.4 Some Important Points Related to Centrifugal Pump 9.14 Reciprocating Pump 9.14.1 Air Vessels 9.15 Gear Pump 9.16 Vane Pump 9.17 Lobe Pump 9.18 Screw Pump 9.18.1 Two-screw, Low-pitch, Screw Pump 9.18.2 Three-screw, High-pitch, Screw Pump Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 10 Air Compressors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of Compressors 10.3 Reciprocating Compressors 10.3.1 Polytropic Compression 10.3.2 Isothermal Compression 10.3.3 Effect of Clearance on Work Done 10.3.4 Volumetric Efficiency 10.3.5 Multistage Compression 10.3.6 Work Done in Multistage Compression 10.4 Rotary Compressors 10.4.1 Fixed Vane Type Compressors 10.4.2 Multiple Vane Type Rotary Compressors 10.5 Centrifugal Compressors 10.6 Axial Flow Compressors Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 11 Centroid and Moment of Inertia 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Determination of Position of Centroid of Plane Geometric Figures 11.2.1 Center of Gravity, Center of Mass, and Centroid of an Irregular Shape 11.2.2 Centroid of I-section 11.2.3 Centroid of U-section 11.2.4 Centroid of H-section 11.2.5 Centroid of L-section 11.2.6 Centroid of T-section 11.2.7 Centroid of C-section 11.2.8 Centroid of Circular Arc 11.2.9 Centroid of Semicircular-section of a Disc 11.2.10 Centroid of a Sector of a Circular Disc 11.2.11 Centroid of a Parabola 11.2.12 Centroid of a Triangle 11.3 Second Moment of Area 11.3.1 Radius of Gyration 11.3.2 Theorem of Perpendicular Axis 11.3.3 Theorem of Parallel Axis 11.3.4 Moment of Inertia from First Principle 11.3.5 Moment of Inertia of Some Composite Sections 11.4 Center of Gravity of Solids 11.5 Mass Moment of Inertia 11.5.1 Mass Moment of Inertia of a Circular Ring 11.5.2 Mass Moment of Inertia of a Circular Disc 11.5.3 Mass Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Cylinder 11.5.4 Mass Moment of Inertia of Sphere 11.5.5 Mass Moment of Inertia of a Circular Cone Points to Remember List of Mass Moment of Inertia List of Area Moment of Inertia Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 12 Stress and Strain 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hooke’s Law 12.3 Stress–Strain Diagram 12.4 Extension in Varying Cross-section or Taper Rod 12.5 Stress and Strain in Varying Cross-section Barof Uniform Strength 12.6 Stress and Strain in Compound Bar 12.7 Stress and Strain in an Assembly of Tube and Bolt 12.8 Stress and Strain in Composite Bar 12.9 Temperature Stress 12.10 Stress and Strain Due to Suddenly Applied Load 12.11 Stress and Strain for Impact Load 12.12 Relation Between Stress and Volumetric Strain 12.13 Relation Between Modulus of Elasticity and Bulk Modulus 12.14 Relation Between Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 13 Machine Elements SPRINGS 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Springs 13.3 Materials used for Springs 13.4 Shear Stress in Helical Springs 13.5 Deflection in Helical Spring 13.6 Series and Parallel Connection of Helical Springs CAM AND FOLLOWER 13.7 Introduction 13.8 Types of Cams 13.9 Types of Followers BUSHING AND ROLLER BEARING 13.10 Introduction 13.11 Bushing Materials 13.12 Bearings 13.12.1 Sliding Contact or Bush Bearings 13.12.2 Rolling Contact Bearings 13.13 Properties of Bearing Materials 13.14 Bearing Materials Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 14 Flywheel and Governors FLYWHEEL 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mass Moment of Inertia of Flywheel GOVERNORS 14.3 Introduction 14.4 Terminology Used in Governors 14.5 Classification of Governors 14.6 Gravity Controlled Centrifugal Governors 14.6.1 Watt Governor 14.6.2 Porter Governor 14.6.3 Proell Governor 14.7 Spring Controlled Centrifugal Governor 14.7.1 Hartnell Governor 14.7.2 Willson–Hartnell Governor 14.7.3 Hartung Governor 14.8 Sensitiveness of Governors 14.9 Governing of I.C. Engines 14.9.1 Qualitative Governing 14.9.2 Quantitative Governing 14.9.3 Hit and Miss Governing 14.10 Differences Between Flywheel and Governors Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 15 Power Transmission Devices 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Belt Drive 15.2.1 Type of Belt Cross-sections 15.2.2 Velocity Ratio 15.2.3 Creep 15.2.4 Flat Belt Drives 15.2.5 Ratio of Tensions 15.2.6 Effect of Centrifugal Force on Belt Drive 15.3 Rope Drive 15.4 Chain Drive 15.4.1 Chain Length 15.4.2 Types of Chain 15.5 Gear Drive 15.5.1 Gear Terminology 15.5.2 Law of Gearing 15.5.3 Forms of Teeth 15.6 Classification of Gears 15.6.1 Parallel Shafts 15.6.2 Intersecting Shaft Points to Remember Important Formulae1. Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Exercise Problems 16 Couplings, Clutches, and Brakes COUPLINGS 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Rigid Coupling 16.3 Flexible Bushed Coupling 16.4 Universal Joint CLUTCHES 16.5 Introduction 16.6 Single Plate Clutch 16.7 Multi-plate Disc Clutch 16.8 Cone Clutch 16.9 Centrifugal Clutch BRAKES 16.10 Introduction 16.10.1 Block or Shoe Brake 16.10.2 Band Brake 16.10.3 Band and Block Brake 16.10.4 Internal Expanding Shoe Brake Points to Remember Important Formulae Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions Exercise Problems 17 Engineering Materials 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials 17.3 Mechanical Testing of Engineering Materials 17.3.1 Tensile Test 17.3.2 Hardness 17.4 Impact Test 17.5 Classification of Engineering Materials 17.5.1 Ferrous Metals 17.5.2 Non-ferrous Metals 17.5.3 Plastics 17.5.4 Abrasive Materials 17.5.5 Ceramics 17.5.6 Silica 17.5.7 Glasses Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions 18 Mechanical Measurement 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Temperature Measurement 18.2.1 Thermocouple 18.2.2 Resistance Temperature Devices (RTD) 18.2.3 Infrared Temperature Measurement Devices 18.2.4 Bimetallic Temperature Measurement Devices 18.2.5 Fluid-expansion Temperature Measurement Devices 18.2.6 Change-of-state Temperature Measurement Devices 18.3 Pressure Measurement 18.3.1 Manometers 18.3.2 Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge 18.3.3 Low Pressure Measurement 18.4 Velocity Measurement 18.4.1 Velocity Measurement of Fluid with Pitot Tube 18.4.2 Hot Wire Anemometer 18.5 Flow Measurement 18.5.1 Flow Measurement Through Velocity of Fluid Over Known Area 18.5.2 Orificemeter 18.5.3 Rotameter 18.6 Strain Measurement 18.6.1 Strain Gauge 18.7 Force Measurement 18.7.1 Cantilever Beam 18.8 Torque Measurement 18.8.1 Prony Brake Dynamometer 18.8.2 Rope Brake Dynamometer 18.8.3 Torque Measurement by Pointer and Scale 18.9 Measurement Errors 18.10 Uncertainties of Measurement 18.11 Vernier Calipers 18.12 Micrometer or Screw Gauge 18.12.1 Measurement Procedure 18.13 Dial Gauge or Dial Indicator 18.14 Slip Gauges 18.14.1 Classification of Slip Gauges 18.14.2 Applications of Slip Gauge 18.15 Sine Bar 18.16 Combination Set Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions 19 Metal Cutting and Machine Tools 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Mechanism of Metal Cutting 19.2.1 Types of Chip Formation 19.3 Orthogonal and Oblique Metal Cutting 19.4 Lathe 19.4.1 Classification of Lathes 19.4.2 Specifications of Lathe 19.4.3 Constructional Detail of Lathe 19.4.4 Power Transmission System in Lathe Machine 19.4.5 Cutting Tools Used in Lathe 19.4.6 Types of Operations on Lathe Machine 19.5 Shaper, Slotter, and Planer 19.5.1 Shaping and Planing 19.5.2 Constructional Detail of Shaper 19.5.3 Slotter Machine 19.5.4 Crank and Slotted Arm Quick Return Mechanism 19.5.5 Specification of Shaper 19.5.6 Constructional Detail of Planer 19.5.7 Fast and Loose Pulleys Driving Mechanism of Planer 19.5.8 Specifications of Planer 19.5.9 Difference between Shaper and Planer 19.6 Drilling Machine 19.6.1 Driving Mechanism in Drilling Machine 19.6.2 Drill Bit 19.6.3 Specifications of a Drilling Machine 19.6.4 Operations Performed on Drilling Machine 19.6.5 Advanced Types of Drilling Machine 19.7 Boring 19.7.1 Specification of Boring Machines 19.8 Milling Machines 19.8.1 Constructional Detail of Milling Machine 19.8.2 Basic Milling Operations 19.8.3 Nomenclature of Milling Cutter 19.9 Grinding Machines 19.9.1 Grinding Wheel Specification 19.9.2 Methods of Grindings 19.9.3 Cylindrical Grinders 19.9.4 Plain Cylindrical Grinders 19.9.5 Plain Surface Grinders 19.9.6 Universal Cylindrical Grinders 19.9.7 Centerless Grinders Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions 20 Casting and Welding CASTING 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Classification of Casting Process 20.3 Sand Casting 20.3.1 Steps in Sand Casting 20.3.2 Pattern Making 20.3.3 Types of Pattern 20.3.4 Mould Making 20.3.5 Properties of Mouldings Sands 20.3.6 Hand Tools Used in Moulding (Figure 20.14) 20.3.7 Moulding Procedure 20.3.8 Gating System 20.3.9 Chills 20.3.10 Chaplets 20.3.11 Cores 20.3.12 Sand Testing 20.4 Special Casting Methods 20.4.1 Gravity/Permanent Mould Casting 20.4.2 Die Casting 20.4.3 Centrifugal Casting 20.5 Casting Defects 20.6 Surface Cleaning of the Casting WELDING 20.7 Introduction 20.7.1 Definition of Welding 20.8 Classification of Welding Process 20.9 Gas Welding 20.9.1 Oxyacetylene Welding 20.9.2 Gas Welding Methods 20.10 Electric Arc Welding 20.10.1 Functions of Electrode Coatings 20.10.2 Ingredients of Electrode Coating 20.10.3 Selection of Electrodes 20.10.4 Specifications for Electrodes 20.11 Types of Electric Arc Welding 20.11.1 Carbon Arc Welding 20.11.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 20.11.3 Metal Inert Gas Arc Welding (MIG)/Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 20.11.4 Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (TIG)/Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) 20.11.5 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 20.11.6 Electroslag Welding 20.11.7 Atomic Hydrogen Welding 20.11.8 Plasma Arc Welding 20.12 Resistance Welding 20.12.1 Resistance Spot Welding 20.12.2 Resistance Seam Welding 20.12.3 Resistance Projection Welding 20.12.4 Flash Welding 20.12.5 Percussion Welding 20.13 Thermit Welding 20.14 Welding Allied Processes 20.14.1 Soldering 20.14.2 Brazing 20.14.3 Braze Welding 20.15 Welding Defects Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions 21 Mechanical Working of Metals, Sheet Metal Work, Powder Metallurgy, and Smithy MECHANICAL WORKING PROCESS 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Advantages of Mechanical Working Process Over other Manufacturing Processes 21.2 Rolling 21.2.1 Terminology 21.2.2 Types of Rolling Mills 21.2.3 Rolling Defects 21.3 Forging 21.3.1 Different Types of Forging 21.4 Extrusion 21.4.1 Hot Extrusion 21.4.2 Cold Extrusion 21.4.3 Impact Extrusion 21.5 Wire Drawing 21.6 Bar Drawing 21.7 Tube Drawing 21.8 High Energy Rate Forming 21.8.1 Explosive Forming 21.8.2 Electrohydraulic Forming 21.8.3 Electromagnetic Forming 21.9 Thread Rolling 21.10 Piercing or Seamless Tubing 21.11 Some Other Forming Processes SHEET METAL PROCESS 21.12 Introduction 21.13 Sheet Metal Joints 21.14 Materials Used for Sheet Metal 21.15 Hand Tools Used in Sheet Metal Work 21.16 Sheet Metal Operations 21.16.1 Shearing 21.16.2 Bending 21.16.3 Stretch Forming 21.16.4 Deep Drawing 21.16.5 Hot Spinning POWDER METALLURGY 21.17 Introduction 21.18 Manufacturing of Metal Powders 21.18.1 Characteristics of Metal Powder 21.18.2 Methods of Production of the Metal Powders 21.19 Blending/Mixing of the Metal Powders 21.20 Compacting 21.21 Sintering 21.22 Finishing Operations 21.23 Advantages of Powder Metallurgy 21.24 Limitations of Powder Metallurgy 21.25 Applications of Powder Metallurgy SMITHY 21.26 Introduction 21.27 Major Tools Used in Smithy Shop 21.27.1 Smith’s Forge or Hearth 21.27.2 Anvil 21.27.3 Hammer 21.27.4 Swage Block 21.27.5 Tongs 21.27.6 Chisels 21.27.7 Punches 21.27.8 Flatters 21.27.9 Set Hammer 21.27.10 Fullers 21.27.11 Swages Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions 22 Manufacturing Systems: NC, CNC, DNC, and Robotics 22.1 Introduction 22.1.1 Production Machines, Tools, Fixtures, and Other Related Hardware 22.1.2 Material Handling System 22.1.3 Computer Systems 22.1.4 Human Workers 22.2 Automation 22.3 Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) 22.4 CAD/CAM 22.4.1 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 22.4.2 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 22.5 Numerical Control (NC) 22.5.1 Limitations/Drawback of Conventional NC System 22.6 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) 22.7 Programming Methods 22.8 Comparison of NC and CNC Machines 22.9 Direct Numerical Control (DNC) ROBOTICS 22.10 Introduction 22.11 Robot anatomy 22.12 Three Degree of Freedom for Robot’s Wrist 22.13 Robot Configurations 22.14 Robot Control 22.14.1 Type of Robot Control 22.15 Control Systems 22.15.1 Basic Form of Control Systems 22.15.2 Sequential Control 22.15.3 Microprocessor Based Controllers 22.15.4 Sensors Used in Robotics 22.15.5 Transducers used in Robotics 22.16 Applications of Robots Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Review Questions 23 Heat Treatment 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram 23.3 TTT (Time–Temperature–Transformation) Diagram 23.4 Normalizing 23.5 Annealing 23.6 Spheroidizing 23.7 Hardening 23.8 Tempering 23.8.1 Austempering 23.8.2 Martempering 23.9 Carburizing 23.10 Cyaniding 23.11 Nitriding 23.12 Induction Hardening Points to Remember Multiple-choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Review Questions Appendix 1: Mollier Diagram for Steam Appendix 2: Steam Table Index