Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment: Designing Healthy Indoor Environments

Description

Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment: Designing Healthy Indoor Environments opens with a brief introduction to viruses, bacteria and fungi in the built environment and discusses their impact on human health. Sections discuss the microbiology of building materials, the airborne transmission of viruses and bacteria in the built environment, and plumbing-associated microbiome. As the first book on this important area to be written in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this work will be a valuable reference resource for researchers, civil engineers, architects, postgraduate students, contractors and other professionals working and interested in the field of the built environment. Elements of building design, including choice of materials, ventilation and plumbing can have important implications for the microbiology of a building, and consequently, the health of the building's occupants. This important new reference work explains the microbiology of buildings and disease control in the built environment to those who design and implement new construction and renovate. Front Cover Viruses, Bacteria ,and Fungi in the Built Environment: Designing Healthy Indoor Environments Copyright Contents Contributors 1 Introduction to virus, bacteria, and fungi in the built environment 1.1 Virus, bacteria, and fungi in the built environment 1.2 Outline of the book References Part One Basics of microbiology and pathogenic contamination 2 Introduction to viruses, bacteria, and fungi in the built environment 2.1 Ecosystems of the built environment 2.2 Diversity of microorganisms 2.3 Diversity of bacteria and archaea 2.4 Prokaryotes in the indoor environment 2.5 Viruses in the indoor environment 2.6 Microscopic fungi in the indoor environment 2.7 Microscopic algae in the indoor environment 2.8 Protozoa in the indoor environment 2.9 Bioaerosols of an indoor environment 2.10 The sources of bioaerosols 2.11 Virus aerosols 2.12 Bacterial aerosols 2.13 Fungal aerosols 2.14 Concentration of aerosols 2.15 Bioaerosol sampling 2.16 Mycotoxins in the indoor environment 2.17 Selection of the built ecosystem 2.18 Bioaerosols and indoor air quality 2.19 Fate of bioaerosols in the environment 2.20 Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment, spray irrigation, or biotechnological plants 2.21 Open ecosystems 2.22 Semiclosed and closed ecosystems 2.23 Bioregeneration balance 2.24 Bioregeneration biotechnologies 2.25 Microbiological problems of the closed systems 2.26 Conclusions References 3 Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) in the built-environment 3.1 Introduction to opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens 3.1.1 Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens 3.2 Human diseases linked to OPPPs in the built-environment 3.2.1 Diseases 3.2.2 Risk factors for OPPP-diseases 3.2.3 Community- and hospital-acquired OPPP diseases 3.2.4 Cost of OPPP disease in the United States 3.2.5 Reporting OPPP diseases 3.3 Shared characteristics of OPPPs 3.3.1 Surface adherence and biofilm formation 3.3.2 Aerosolization 3.3.3 Resistance to disinfectants 3.3.4 Tolerance to high temperature 3.3.5 Tolerance of desiccation 3.3.6 Growth at low organic matter (AOC) levels (oligotrophic) 3.3.7 Growth at low oxygen (stagnation) 3.4 Habitats of OPPPs in the built environment 3.4.1 Habitats in homes 3.4.2 Habitats in hospitals 3.5 Built-environmental characteristics favoring OPPPs 3.6 Transmission of OPPPs in the built environments 3.7 Reduction of OPPP numbers in the built-environment References 4 Influence of surface materials on biofilm formation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Influence of pipe materials on biofilm formation in DWDS 4.2.1 Metallic materials 4.2.2 Plastics 4.3 Methodology to evaluate the biofilm formation potential of materials Acknowledgments References 5 Black fungi in the built environment—The good, the bad, and the ugly 5.1 The built mycobiome 5.2 Occurrence of black fungi in the built environment 5.2.1 Oligotrophic and exposed environments 5.2.2 Oligotrophic and wet environments 5.2.3 Eutrophic but toxic environments 5.2.4 Polyextremophilic household environments 5.2.4.1 Large domestic appliances 5.2.4.2 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems 5.2.5 Biotrophic domestic environments 5.2.5.1 Ornamental plants 5.2.5.2 Household pets and domesticated animals 5.3 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 6 Air and wall mycobiota interactions—A case study in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and methods 6.2.1 Sampling sites 6.2.2 Air sampling 6.2.3 Fungal identification 6.2.4 Statistical analysis 6.3 Results and discussion 6.3.1 Colony forming units counts 6.3.2 Species identification 6.3.3 Fungal diversity analysis 6.3.4 Pathogenic and toxin-producing organisms 6.3.5 Biodeterioration-related organisms 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments Funding References 7 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden 7.1 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden indoor 7.1.1 Generation of particles in indoor environment 7.1.2 Spread of particles in the indoor environment 7.1.3 Exposure of susceptible hosts to airborne particles 7.1.3.1 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden indoor households and community spaces 7.1.3.1.1 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden in households 7.1.3.1.2 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden in community spaces 7.1.4 Frequently isolated bacteria in indoor air samples 7.1.4.1 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden in health facilities 7.1.5 Sources of airborne bacteria in health facilities 7.1.6 Transmission of airborne bacteria in health facilities 7.1.7 Frequently isolated bacteria in health facilities indoor samples 7.1.8 Intensive care units bioburden 7.2 Airborne transmission of bacteria bioburden outdoor 7.2.1 Sampling methods for outdoor airborne bioburden 7.2.2 Dispersal and transmission of outdoor airborne bioburden 7.2.3 Sources of outdoor bacteria bioburden 7.2.3.1 Natural sources and frequently isolated bacteria 7.2.3.2 Anthropogenic sources and frequently isolated bacteria 7.2.4 Atmospheric and physicochemical factors effects in outdoor bacteria bioburden 7.2.5 Outdoor airborne prevalent bacteria References 8 Airborne bacteria and sick building syndrome (SBS) 8.1 Airborne bacterial composition 8.1.1 Indoor airborne bacterial populations 8.1.2 Outdoor bacterial composition 8.2 Sick building syndrome (SBS) 8.2.1 History 8.2.2 Key factors of SBS 8.2.3 Questionnaires 8.2.4 Diagnosis, remediation, and prevention of SBS 8.3 Association between airborne bacteria and SBS 8.4 Conclusions References Part Two Strategies for monitoring and control of indoor pathogens 9 Fungal contamination assessment in healthcare environments—A bibliographic review 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and methods 9.3 Results 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10 Indoor fungi threshold levels 10.1 Impact of indoor air molds on humans 10.2 Measuring fungal concentrations in homes 10.3 Which fungal species are involved in fungal diseases of domestic origin and what thresholds are at risk? 10.4 State guidelines for acceptable threshold limits in housing related to fungal disease risk 10.5 Health challenges of establishing risk thresholds 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Smart technologies for COVID-19 indoor monitoring 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background and related work 11.2.1 Internet of things 11.2.2 Smartphone apps 11.2.3 Computer vision 11.2.4 Blockchain and smart contracts 11.2.5 Semantic knowledge representation and ontologies 11.3 Case studies 11.3.1 Entrance check: Contactless temperature and mask detection 11.3.2 Touch-free automatic hand sanitation using PIC16 microcontroller 11.3.3 RFID-based contact tracing relying on Arduino Uno 11.3.4 Patrol of coordinated ground robots 11.3.5 COVID-19 indoor safety monitoring ontology 11.4 Results and evaluation 11.5 Conclusion and future works Acknowledgments References 12 Ventilation strategies for healthy indoors in hospitals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Chemical and biological contaminants in indoor environments 12.2.1 Chemical pollutants 12.2.2 Microorganism in indoor environment 12.3 Safety and infection control 12.4 Environmental design strategies 12.5 Ventilation and energy cost 12.6 Conclusion and future trends References 13 Innovative coating materials to prevent fungi growth 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Materials and methods 13.2.1 Materials 13.2.2 Composition and fabrication 13.2.3 Methods for lime mortar characterization 13.2.4 Fungal isolation and identification 13.2.5 Accelerated fungal growth 13.2.6 Scanning electron microscopy 13.3 Results and discussion 13.3.1 Workability 13.3.2 Porosimetry 13.3.3 Flexural and compression behavior 13.3.4 Fungal isolation and identification 13.3.5 Accelerated fungal growth 13.4 Conclusions References 14 What kind of new antimicrobial technology can we use at the present time in architecture? 14.1 Problem with wood decaying microorganisms 14.1.1 Wood damaged fungi 14.1.2 Technical viability of galvanic technology 14.2 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading Index Back Cover