Resilience: Persistence and Change in Landscape Forms

Description

The articulation between persistence and change is relevant to a great number of different disciplines. It is particularly central to the study of urban and rural forms in many different fields of research, in geography, archaeology, architecture and history. Resilience puts forward the idea that we can no longer be truly satisfied with the common approaches used to study the dynamics of landscapes, such as the palimpsest approach, the regressive method and the semiological analysis amongst others, because they are based on the separation between the past and the present, which itself stems from the differentiation between nature and society. This book combines spatio-temporalities, as described in archeogeography, with concepts that have been developed in the field of ecological resilience, such as panarchy and the adaptive cycle. Thus revived, the morphological analysis in this work considers landscapes as complex resilient adaptive systems. The permanence observed in landscapes is no longer presented as the endurance of inherited forms, but as the result of a dynamic that is fed by this constant dialogue between persistence and change. Thus, resilience is here decisively on the side of dynamics rather than that of resistance. Cover Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Part 1: Landscape: Continuity and Transformation Introduction to Part 1 1. Landscape: The Resistance of the Past? 1.1. The past in the present 1.1.1. Architectural and morphological persistences 1.1.2. Looking to the present to uncover the past: regressive history 1.1.3. The palimpsest as accumulation 1.2. Change, an eternal constant? 1.2.1. The diachronic approach 1.2.2. Connecting past and present 1.2.3. Drivers of change 1.2.4. Primary forms: a non-evolving landscape 1.2.5. The notion of decay 1.3. Reversible time 1.3.1. Resistance to change 1.3.2. The ancient plan as a work of art 1.3.3. The ancient plan as a societal project 1.3.4. Artificial versus natural forms 1.3.5. Conclusion 2. Landscape: A Past… Surpassed? 2.1. A visual revolution 2.1.1. A new vision of landscape 2.1.2. The allure of a new vision 2.1.3. Are we moving toward erasure of the past? 2.2. A stratified landscape 2.2.1. Erasure in the palimpsest model 2.2.2. The fossil landscape 2.2.3. Buried landscapes 2.2.4. The stratified landscape 2.3. The synchronic view 2.3.1. Synchronizing forms and society 2.3.2. The negation of nature and the division of past from present 2.3.3. The break between past and present in methodology 2.3.4. The opposition of nature and culture 2.4. Conclusion 3. Landscape: The Articulation of Past, Present and Future 3.1. The 1990s: a period of revival 3.1.1. Learning from the ground 3.1.2. Re-evaluating the nature/culture dichotomy 3.2. The inversion of time 3.2.1. Non-linear temporalities 3.2.2. Evolved forms versus decayed forms 3.2.3. From regressive analysis to compiled maps 3.3. Discovering new forms 3.3.1. River corridors 3.3.2. Formation networks 3.4. Landscape as a self-organized system 3.4.1. Self-organization and morphogenesis 3.4.2. Plot layouts and road and path networks as systems 3.5. Organizing principles in plot layout and road networks 3.5.1. Morphological principles: reproduction of parcel layouts and road networks 3.5.2. The role of morphogens 3.5.3. Morphostasis, transformission and resilience 3.5.4. The articulation of flow, ground footprint and shape 3.5.5. Asynchrony in flows, ground footprints and shapes: the importance of lag 3.6. Forms in a landscape: specific temporalities 3.6.1. New temporalities in archeogeography 3.6.2. Time as a spiral 3.7. Conclusion PART 2: Resilience: A Tool for Understanding the Dialectics of Persistence and Change Introduction to Part 2 4. Ecological Resilience as a Systemic Property of Social-ecological Systems 4.1. The roots of resilience 4.2. Resilience versus stability: the dynamic role of perturbations 4.3. A dynamic approach to organization: the adaptive cycle 4.4. The panarchy model 4.4.1. Development of the model 4.4.2. Panarchy and social systems 4.5. Alternative attractors and transitions in complex systems 4.5.1. Multiple states 4.5.2. Alternative attractors and hysteresis 4.6. Conclusion 5. Resilience and Spatial Systems 5.1. Pre-2005: the first appropriations of resilience in archeology and geography 5.1.1. Research in the English-speaking commun 5.1.2. The French case: simultaneous adoption in archeology and geography 5.1.3. Geography: a limited adoption of the concept of resilience 5.1.4. Archeology: an adoption of resilience mediated by archeogeography 5.2. New developments and critical approaches after 2005 5.2.1. Adoption of the notion of resilience by public authorities and inflation of the term 5.2.2. The adoption of resilience in the geography of risks 5.2.3. A controversial appropriation of the notion of resilience 5.2.4. Assimilation with stability: engineering resilience 5.2.5. Resilience as a systemic property: a limited impact 5.3. Conclusion 6. The Conceptual Framework of Ecological Resilience: A Long-term Approach 6.1. The conceptual framework of ecological resilience: points for discussion 6.2. The benefits of the long-term perspective 6.3. The cultural landscape: a field of heuristic experimentation 6.3.1. The contribution of cultural landscapes and land-use legacies 6.3.2. The role of spatial markers in social resilience 6.4. Transitions in settlement systems 6.5. Conclusion PART 3: Synthesis: Landscape as a Resilient Social-ecological System Introduction to Part 3 7 Landscape: An Integrated System of Societies and Environments 8. Landscape as a Complex Adaptive System 8.1. Landscape emergence as a system: key concepts 8.2. Maintenance and reproduction of landscapes as systems: key concepts 8.3. Temporalities of resilience in a landscape: key concepts 8.4. Transitions in landscapes: key concepts 8.5. Reorganization in a landscape: key concepts 8.6. The articulation between persistence and change in a landscape: key concepts 8.7. Temporalities of reorganization in landscape: key concepts 8.8. Conclusion: summary and directions for further investigation Conclusion References Index Other titles from iSTE in Interdisciplinarity, Science and Humanities