Infrared and Terahertz Detectors

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Content: Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface to the third edition Acknowledgements to the third edition About the author PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF INFRARED AND TERAHERTZ DETECTION 1. Radiometry 1.1 Radiometric and photometric quantities and units 1.2 Definitions of radiometric quantities 1.3 Radiance 1.4 Blackbody radiation 1.5 Emissivity 1.6 Infrared optics References 2. Infrared systems fundamentals 2.1 Infrared detector market 2.2 Night vision system concepts 2.3 Thermal imaging 2.3.1 Thermal imaging system concepts 2.3.2 IR cameras versus FLIR systems2.3.3 Space-based systems 2.4 Cooler technologies 2.4.1 Cryocoolers 2.4.1.1 Cryogenic dewars 2.4.1.2 Stirling cycle 2.4.1.3 Pulse tube 2.4.1.4 Joule-Thomson coolers 2.4.1.5 Sorption 2.4.1.6 Brayton 2.4.1.7 Adiabatic demagnetization 2.4.1.8 [sup(3)]He coolers 2.4.1.9 Passive coolers 2.4.2 Peltier coolers 2.5 Atmospheric transmission and IR bands 2.6 Scene radiation and contrast References 3. Characterization of infrared detectors 3.1 Historical aspects of modern IR technology 3.2 Classification of IR detectors 3.3 Detector operating temperature3.4 Detector figures of merit 3.4.1 Responsivity 3.4.2 Noise equivalent power 3.4.3 Detectivity 3.4.4 Quantum efficiency 3.5 Fundamental detectivity limits References 4. Fundamental performance limitations of infrared detectors 4.1 Thermal detectors 4.1.1 Principle of operation 4.1.2 Noise mechanisms 4.1.3 Detectivity and fundamental limits 4.2 Photon detectors 4.2.1 Photon detection process 4.2.2 Model of photon detector 4.2.2.1 Optical generation noise 4.2.2.2 Thermal generation and recombination noise 4.2.3 Optimum thickness of photodetector4.2.4 Detector materials figure of merit 4.3 Comparison of fundamental limits of photon and thermal detectors 4.4 Modeling of photodetectors References 5. Coupling of infrared radiation with detectors 5.1 Standard coupling 5.2 Plasmonic coupling 5.2.1 Surface plasmons 5.2.2 Plasmonic coupling of infrared detectors 5.3 Photon trapping detectors References 6. Heterodyne detection 6.1 Heterodyne detection theory 6.2 Infrared heterodyne technology References PART II: INFRARED THERMAL DETECTORS 7. Thermopiles 7.1 Basic principle and operation of thermopiles7.2 Figures of merit 7.3 Thermoelectric materials 7.4 Micromachined thermopiles 7.4.1 Design optimization 7.4.2 Thermopile configurations 7.4.3 Micromachined thermopile technology References 8. Bolometers 8.1 Basic principle and operation of bolometers 8.2 Types of bolometers 8.2.1 Metal bolometers 8.2.2 Thermistors 8.2.3 Semiconductor bolometers 8.3 Micromachined room-temperature bolometers 8.3.1 Microbolometer sensing materials 8.3.1.1 Vanadium oxide 8.3.1.2 Amorphous silicon 8.3.1.3 Silicon diodes 8.3.1.4 Other materials