Robotic Technologies in Biomedical and Healthcare Engineering

Description

New prospects for biomedical and healthcare engineering are being created by the rapid development of Robotic and Artificial Intelligence techniques. Innovative technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Robotics, and IoT are currently under huge influence in today’s modern world. For instance, a micro-nano robot allows us to study the fundamental problems at a cellular scale owing to its precise positioning and manipulation ability; the medical robot paves a new way for the low-invasive and high-efficient clinical operation, and rehabilitation robotics is able to improve the rehabilitative efficacy of patients. This book aims at exhibiting the latest research achievements, findings, and ideas in the field of robotics in biomedical and healthcare engineering, primarily focusing on the walking assistive robot, telerobotic surgery, upper/lower limb rehabilitation, and radiosurgery. As a result, a wide range of robots are being developed to serve a variety of roles within the medical environment. Robots specializing in human treatment include surgical robots and rehabilitation robots. The field of assistive and therapeutic robotic devices is also expanding rapidly. These include robots that help patients rehabilitate from severe conditions like strokes, empathic robots that assist in the care of older or physically/mentally challenged individuals, and industrial robots that take on a variety of routine tasks, such as sterilizing rooms and delivering medical supplies and equipment, including medications. The objectives of the book are in terms of advancing the state-of-the-art of robotic techniques and addressing the challenging problems in biomedical and healthcare engineering. This book Lays a good foundation for the core concepts and principles of robotics in biomedical and healthcare engineering, walking the reader through the fundamental ideas with expert ease. Progresses on the topics in a step-by-step manner and reinforces theory with a full-fledged pedagogy designed to enhance students’ understanding and offer them a practical insight into the applications of it. Features chapters that introduce and cover novel ideas in healthcare engineering like Applications of Robots in Surgery, Microrobots and Nanorobots in Healthcare Practices, Intelligent Walker for Posture Monitoring, AI-Powered Robots in Biomedical and Hybrid Intelligent Systems for Medical Diagnosis, and so on. Deepak Gupta is an Assistant Professor at the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, GGSIPU, Delhi, India. Moolchand Sharma is an Assistant Professor at the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, GGSIPU, Delhi, India. Vikas Chaudhary is a Professor at the JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus, GGSIPU, Greater Noida, India. Ashish Khanna currently works at the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, GGSIPU, Delhi, India. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors List of Contributors Chapter 1 IoT-Integrated Robotics in the Health Sector Introduction History Health Robotics Applications of Robotics in the Health Sector The Health IoT IoT-Based Robotics Framework Discussion Opportunities and Challenges Future Insights Conclusions References Chapter 2 Microrobots and Nanorobots in the Refinement of Modern Healthcare Practices Introduction: What are ‘Nanorobots’? Types of Nanorobots Fabrication Techniques and Materials Size, Structure, and Design Mobility, Communication, and Swarming Propulsion and Mobility Communication and the Swarming Behavior Application of Nanorobots in Medicine Challenges, Constraints, and Loose Ends Conclusion References Chapter 3 Communicable Diseases and COVID-19: A Complementary and Holistic Care with Robotic Renaissance Introduction Communicable Diseases History of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Pandemic and Pandemic Fear Pandemic Alarm Pheromones and Second-Hand Stress Levels of Communicable Infections Exposure Phase Infection Phase Infectious Disease Phase Outcome Phase Terminologies and Definition Carrier Contact Incubation Period Isolation Period of Communicability/Communicable Period Quarantine COVID-19 and Communicable Diseases Structure of Coronavirus Transmission of the Virus Clinical Features of COVID-19 Conventional Management Complementary Care of COVID-19 Governance Management of Pandemic Digital Care and COVID-19 Robotic Care and Communicable Diseases Robotic Renaissance Veebot – The Robotic Investigator RP-7 – Robotic Physician RIBA – Robotic Nurse (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance) Bush Robot – Robotic Surgeon Virtibot – A Robot in Forensic Imaging Stevie Robot The Violet Robot The Sterilization Robots Drones Transport and Delivery Robots Holistic Herbal Care Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 ASBGo: A Smart Walker for Ataxic Gait and Posture Assessment, Monitoring, and Rehabilitation Introduction Walkers as Aids of Locomotion Conventional Walkers Smart Walkers Stability and Physical Support User’s Motion Intention Decoding Navigation Assistance Sensorial Feedback and Health Monitoring Safety Mechanisms ASBGo: System Overview, Architecture, Functionalities, and Future Perspectives From Prototype I to ASBGo System Overview System Architecture Functionalities Users’ Motion Intention Decoding Navigation Assistance Sensorial Feedback and Health Monitoring Cognitive Stimulation Safety Mechanisms Clinical Evaluation Cases of Study Intervention Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Postural Stability Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Analyzing and Comparing MLP, CNN, and LSTM for Classification of Heart Arrhythmia Using ECG Scans Introduction Literature Review Methodology Description of a Dataset Data Augmentation Internet of Things (IoT) Approach Feature selection via Neural Networks Feature Selection Via a Convolutional Neural Network Feature Selection Via LSTM Algorithm Proposed (Figures 5.10–5.12) Model Architecture (Figure 5.13) Experimental Setup Results and Analysis Neural Network 1D Convolutional Neural Network LSTM Accuracy and Loss Plots NN CNN ROC-AUC Curves NN CNN LSTM Conclusions and Future Work References Chapter 6 AI-Powered Robotics and COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities Introduction Opportunities The General Surge of 3D Printing during COVID-19 Testing Done by Autonomous Robots in a Bid to Protect Frontline Warriors Digital Communication during the Pandemic Robotic Guidance and Assistance for a Much Better Life Robots in the Medical Supply Chain Perfect for Deliveries during this Pandemic Social Robots Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring Systems Benefits of Robotic Surgery Triage and Risk Management Challenges Expensive Privacy Issues Recognition Issues Movement Latency Safety and Security Issues Ethics Employment Issues Dignity Issues Attribution of Liability Issues Better Power Sources Conclusion References Chapter 7 Analyze App Health for Ensuring Better Decision-Making and Improved Secure Outcomes Introduction Machine Learning in Healthcare Applications Robotics in HealthCare Privacy and Security Issues in HealthCare Apps Research Questions Healthcare Apps: Uses and Benefits Decision-Making in Healthcare Apps Issues and Challenges in HealthCare Applications Conclusion References Chapter 8 Intelligent Robots in the Disease Recovery Process Using a Whale Optimization-Based Feature Selection and Classification Model Introduction The WOA-FRBC Model The WOA-FS Model Solution Representation Fitness Function The FRBC Model Experimental Results Analysis Results Analysis on the Cleveland Dataset Results Analysis on the Statlog Dataset Results Analysis on the Wisconsin Dataset Conclusion References Chapter 9 Biomedical Healthcare Robot Movement Control Using an EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interface with an Optimized Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Introduction The Proposed BCI-OKELM Model Data Acquisition Using BCI and Robots Data Preprocessing KELM-Based Classification IPSO-Based Parameter Tuning of the KELM Model Initializing the Optimization Problem and Algorithm Parameters Calculating the Fitness Values Updating Velocity and Position Vectors Changing the Inertial Weight Going to Step 3 Until the Termination Criterion Is Met Experimental Evaluation Conclusion References Index