Anthrozoology: Human-Animal Interactions in Domesticated and Wild Animals

Description

Anthrozoology, the study of human-animal interactions (HAIs), has experienced substantial growth during the past 20 years and it is now timely to synthesise what we know from empirical evidence about our relationships with both domesticated and wild animals. Two principal points of focus have become apparent in much of this research. One is the realisation that the strength of these attachments not only has emotional benefits for people, but confers health benefits as well, such that a whole area has opened up of using companion animals for therapeutic purposes. The other is the recognition that the interactions we have with animals have consequences for their welfare too, and thus impact on their quality of life. Consequently we now study HAIs in all scenarios in which animals come into contact with humans, whether as pets/companions, farm livestock, laboratory animals, animals in zoos, or in the wild. This topical area of study is of growing importance for animals in animal management, animal handling, animal welfare and applied ethology courses, and also for people within psychology, anthropology and human geography at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It will therefore be of interest to students, researchers, and animal managers across the whole spectrum of human-animal contact. Cover......Page 1 Anthrozoology: Human–Animal Interactions in Domesticated and Wild Animals......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Preface......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Contributors......Page 14 1.2.1 HAS, HAI, HAR and HAB......Page 16 1.3 What is the distribution of HARs through the animal kingdom?......Page 20 1.3.1 Distribution of HARs among animals......Page 21 1.3.2 Relationships between (nonhuman) animals......Page 22 1.4 Why do we care about HAI, HAR and HAB?......Page 23 1.4.2 Improved quality of life......Page 24 1.4.4 To minimise human–animal conflict......Page 25 1.4.5 To create a better world......Page 27 References......Page 28 2.2 A brief history of companion animals......Page 32 2.3 Companion animals today......Page 34 2.4 The benefits of companion animal ownership......Page 37 2.5 Indirect benefits of companion animals......Page 40 2.6 The costs of companion animal ownership......Page 41 2.7 Conclusions and future areas of research......Page 42 References......Page 43 3.1 Historical and present role of agricultural animals for humans......Page 47 Box 3.1 Animals, humans and the environment......Page 48 3.2.1 Individualised and generalised relationships in agriculture......Page 50 3.2.2 Situations, type and quality of interactions......Page 51 3.2.3 Differences in interactions between production systems......Page 52 3.2.4 Variation of interactions within production systems......Page 53 3.2.5 Why do human–animal interactions differ? The role of attitudes and herd size......Page 54 3.3.2 Direct effects of the human–animal relationship—HAI and animal welfare and productivity......Page 56 3.3.2.1 Effects of HAI on physiology—stress and anti-stress......Page 57 3.3.2.2 HAI effects on productivity......Page 58 3.3.2.3 HAI effects on immune function and health......Page 59 3.3.2.4 Further effects of HAI......Page 60 3.3.3 Indirect effects: the human’s relationship with animals and animal welfare......Page 61 3.3.4 HAI and human health and well-being......Page 62 3.4 Wider ranging implications for society and environment......Page 63 3.5.1 Effects of mechanisation and increasing herd size......Page 64 3.5.3 Quantity and quality of interactions......Page 65 3.6 Concluding remarks......Page 66 References......Page 67 4.1 Introduction......Page 74 4.2.1 Number of animals in research facilities......Page 75 4.2.2 Reason for captivity......Page 76 4.2.3 Types of human–animal interactions......Page 78 4.3.1 Assessing human–animal interactions......Page 82 4.3.2 The effect of human–animal interaction on the animals......Page 83 4.3.3 Effect of human–animal interactions on staff......Page 86 4.3.4 Costs and benefits of human–animal interactions......Page 87 4.4 Wider implications of human–animal interactions......Page 88 4.5 Future areas for research......Page 89 References......Page 90 5.1 Context......Page 96 5.2.1 Keeper–animal interactions......Page 99 5.2.1.1 Animals’ perspective......Page 100 5.2.1.2 Keepers’ perspective......Page 102 5.2.2 Visitor–animal interactions......Page 104 5.2.2.1 Animals’ perspective......Page 105 5.2.2.2 Visitors’ perspective......Page 107 5.3 Wider ranging implications for society and the environment......Page 108 5.4.1 Individual differences......Page 110 5.4.4 Keeper–animal relationships......Page 111 5.4.6 Methodological challenges......Page 112 References......Page 113 6.2 Species and roles......Page 119 6.3.1 Negative impacts on individual animals and populations......Page 121 Box 6.1 Local private tourism contributions to conservation of wild animals......Page 122 Box 6.2 Global contributions of park tourism to threatened species populations......Page 123 Box 6.3 Population viability analysis to calculate net outcomes of ecotourism on threatened species......Page 124 6.3.3 Health and emotional outcomes for tourists......Page 125 Box 6.4 Key factors in tourist experiences during encounters with wild animals......Page 126 Box 6.5 Some examples of close-range tourist encounters with wild animals......Page 127 6.5 Conclusions and future research priorities......Page 129 References......Page 130 7.2 Animals in urban areas......Page 134 7.2.1 General patterns in urban wildlife......Page 136 7.2.2 Relationships between humans and urban wildlife......Page 137 7.3.1 Individual encounters......Page 138 Box 7.1 Human–macaque interactions......Page 139 7.3.3 Urban wildlife attacks......Page 140 7.3.4 Wildlife mortality......Page 141 7.3.6 Beneficial relationships......Page 142 7.4.1 Implications of urban design for wildlife......Page 143 7.4.2 Public attitudes towards urban wildlife......Page 146 7.4.3 Urban wildlife education......Page 147 7.5 Wider implications of urban wildlife–human interactions......Page 148 7.6 Future areas for research......Page 149 References......Page 151 8.2 The HAR: a single phenomenon?......Page 157 Box 8.1 Starlings: friend or pest?......Page 158 8.3 The costs and benefits of HARs......Page 161 8.3.1 The animal perspective......Page 162 8.4 Building a HAR......Page 163 8.5 The HAB: why would animals form bonds with humans?......Page 165 8.6.1 The importance of empathy......Page 168 8.7 Dominion: duty of care or a resource for our use?......Page 170 References......Page 172 Index......Page 178