Judaism I: History (Die Religionen Der Menschheit) (German Edition)

Description

Judaism, the oldest of the Abrahamic religions, is one of the pillars of modern civilization. A collective of internationally renowned experts cooperated in a singular academic enterprise to portray Judaism from its transformation as a Temple cult to its broad contemporary varieties. In three volumes the long-running book series Die Religionen der Menschheit (Religions of Humanity) presents for the first time a complete and compelling view on Jewish life now and then - a fascinating portrait of the Jewish people with its ability to adapt itself to most different cultural settings, always maintaining its strong and unique identity. Volume I provides a global view on Jewish history from antiquity, the middle ages, to contemporary history. Cover Titlepage Imprint Contents Editors’ Introduction 1 Die Wissenschaft des Judentums 2 World War II and Vatican II 3 Jacob Neusner resets the agenda 4 Martin Hengel, Judentum und Hellenismus (Judaism and Hellenism) 5 The New Academy 6 Kohlhammer’s Die Religionen der Menschheit 7 What is not featured in these volumes 8 What is in these volumes 8.1 Judaism I: History 1 Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees 2 Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great 3 The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel 4 Judaism in Babylonia 5 Jews and/under Islam, 650-1000 CE 6 Judaism in the Middle Ages 1000-1500 7 Judaism During and After the Expulsions 1492-1750 8 Modern Judaism 1750-1930 9 The Holocaust and Antisemitism 10 Zionism and the State of Israel 11 Judaism in America 12 Judaism in Europe after the Second World War 8.2 Judaism II: Literature 13 The Jewish Bible: Traditions and Translations 14 Jewish Literature in the Hellenistic-Roman Period (350 B.C.E. -150 C.E.) 15 Tannaitic Literature 16 Amoraic Literature (ca 250-650 CE): Talmud and Midrash 17 Rabbinic-Gaonic and Karaite Literatures (ca. 650-1050 CE) 18 Legal Commentary, Responsa, and Codes Literature 19 Medieval Biblical Commentary and Aggadic Literature 20 Piyyut 21 Jewish Liturgy 22 Jewish Mysticism 8.3 Judaism III: Culture and Modernity 23 Jewish Philosophy and Thought 24 Judaism, Feminism, and Gender 25 Halakhah (Jewish Law) in Contemporary Judaism 26 Jewish engagement(s) with Modern Culture 27 Languages of the Jews 28 Modern Jewish Literature 29 Judaism and Inter-faith Relations since World War II 9 Conclusion Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees 1 The Hellenization of Ancient Judaism—Preliminary Notes 2 Judaism and Hellenism in the Land of Israel/Judea—»Palestinian Judaism« as »Hellenistic Judaism« 2.1 The reception of Greek/Hellenistic culture in Judea Greek language Greek education and training Greek literature and philosophy in Jewish Palestine Greek translations of Jewish Hebrew works, taking Jesus ben Sirach as an example: The prologue of the grandson as a translator 3 The LXX as a Translation 3.1 The special features of the LXX as a translation 3.2 On the origins of the LXX—legend and history Letter of (Pseudo-)Aristeas Philo Josephus The Torah for King Talmai 4 The Temple Conflict under Antiochus IV and the Maccabean Revolt 4.1 Preliminary remarks 4.2 History of research 4.3 The events 4.4 Reception of the martyrdom of the mother and her seven sons Ancient Judaism 5 The Samaritans 5.1 On the history of the Samaritans 5.2 Basic features of Samaritan theology in Antiquity 6 The Temple in Jerusalem, Other Jewish Temples, and Communities without a Temple 6.1 The temple in Jerusalem and other Jewish temples 6.2 Judaism without a temple The Yahad of Qumran Atonement for the land Polemic against the »Wicked Priest«: date of the Day of Atonement Distance from sacrifices among the Essenes 6.3 Guide to a Judaism without a temple—the Pharisees 6.4 The followers of Jesus of Nazareth 7 The synagogue—History and Significance 7.1 The emergence of the synagogue 7.2 The functions of the synagogue 7.3 Synagogues in the Diaspora Egypt Rome Outlook 8 Sacred Writings in Judaism of the Hellenistic-Roman Period 9 The Emergence of the Canon of Biblical Writings in Alexandria and Judea—Concluding Remarks 10 Final Reflections on Judaism and Hellenism For further reading Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great 1 Introduction 2 Herod (37-4 BCE) 3 Herodian Dynasty (4 BCE-66 CE) 4 Flavius Josephus 5 Roman Administration and the Run-up to the War 6 Jewish Identity and Jewish Extremism 7 The Jewish War (66-73 CE) 8 The Interbellum and Bar Kokhbah (73-136 CE) 9 The Legal Status of Jews under Roman Rule 9.1 Jews in the Roman Diaspora 9.2 Diaspora Uprising 115-117 CE 9.3 Jewish Alexandria 9.4 Jews of Rome 10 Pagan Perspectives on Jews and Judaism 11 The Jesus Movement and Early Christianity 12 The Rabbinic Movement 13 Conclusion For further reading Primary sources in English Translation Secondary Reading The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel 1 Introduction 2 Developments in the History of Palestine in the Late Roman Era (Second and Third Centuries) 3 Within the Byzantine-Christian Orbit 4 Synagogues 4.1 Capernaum 4.2 Hammat Tiberias 4.3 Sepphoris 4.4 Huqoq 5 Remains from the Cairo Genizah 6 The Flourishing of Jewish Culture in Late Antiquity 6.1 Burgeoning synagogue Construction 6.2 The Appearance of Piyyut in Jewish Liturgy 6.3 Aggadic Midrashim: A New Creation 6.4 Jewish Art in Late Antiquity 7 Jewish »Late Antiquity« in its wider Cultural Context 8 Conclusions For further reading Judaism in Babylonia: 226-650 CE 1 Jewish settlement, community, and daily life 2 Under the Arsacid and Sasanian Empires 3 Jews and Persians 4 The Babylonian Legacy 5 Rabbis and Rabbinic Schools 6 The Exilarchate For further reading Jews and/under Islam: 650-1000 CE 1 General Conditions 2 The Pact of ʿUmar 3 Communal Organization 4 Daily Life 5 The Karaite Schism 6 Religious Life 7 Regional Life For further reading Judaism in the Middle Ages: 1000-1500 1 Introduction 2 Northern Europe Jewry: Beginnings 3 Northern European Jewry: Maturation 4 Northern European Jewry: Accelerating Pressures 5 Southern European Jewry 6 Conclusions For further reading Judaism During and After the Expulsions: 1492-1750 1 The »Early Modern« Period 2 The Catastrophe: Expulsion from Spain 3 The Recovery of Judaism 1492-1618 4 Early Modern Judaism 4.1 The Formation of Early Modern Judaism 4.2 Printing and Literacy 4.3 Kabbalah 5 The Seventeenth Century 5.1 The Jews in the Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1618-1676) 5.2 The Spiritual Crisis of the Mid-Seventeenth Century: Baruch Spinoza and Shabbetai Tsvi 5.3 New Centers and New Peripheries 1675-1750 6 Hasidism and its Opponents: 1740-the Present For further reading Modern Judaism: 1750-1930 1 When did »Modern Judaism« begin? 2 Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) 3 Jewish Enlightenment in Europe 4 The Birth and Solidification of Hasidism 5 Ostjuden 6 Wissenschaft des Judentums 7 The Debate between Orthodoxy and Reform 8 Modern American Judaism 9 The Emergence of Zionism For further reading The Holocaust and Anti-Semitism 1 The Rise of the Nazi Movement 1.1 Adolf Hitler—Evolution of an Anti-Semite 1.2 Roots of Anti-Semitism 1.3 Nazi Rise to Power 1.4 The Fragility of Democracy 1.5 Nazis in Power 1.6 German Jewish Reaction 1.7 The 1936 Olympics 2 1938—The End of the Beginning and the Beginning of the End 2.1 The »Anschluss« of Austria 2.2 Evian and the Refugee Crisis 2.3 The Kristallnacht Reich’s Pogrom, the Night of Broken Glass 2.4 The American Reaction 3 The Beginning of World War II 3.1 German Conquests 3.2 The Ghettos 3.3 Resistance in the Ghettos 3.4 Jewish Life in Western Europe 3.5 Theresienstadt 4 The Final Solution 4.1 The Killers 4.2 Situation in the Baltics 4.3 The Wannsee Conference 4.4 »Liquidation« of the Ghettos 4.5 Deportation by Rail 4.6 Death Camps 4.7 Death Marches 5 The Aftermath of World War II 5.1 Liberation 5.2 Return to Life 5.3 Nuremberg Trials 5.4 Genocide: The Word and the Crime 6 Anti-Semitism after World War II 6.1 Eroding the Foundations of Christian Anti-Semitism The Catholic Church The Protestant Churches 6.2 Jewish Life in Israel 6.3 Anti-Semitism in North America 6.4 Anti-Semitism in Europe Eastern Europe 7 Survivors and Memory 7.1 Survival and Survivors 7.2 Holocaust Memory in the Contemporary World For further reading Zionism and the State of Israel 1 »By the Rivers of Babylon«: The Early History of Zionism 2 Jewish Palestine before the First World War 3 The First World War and the Balfour Declaration, 1917 4 Consolidation and Advances: The Zionist Project under the British Mandate 5 In the Shadow of the Shoah: Jewish Mass Immigration, the Arab Uprising and, the Second World War 6 Partition Plans in Context: En Route to the State of Israel 7 War and Terrorism: Signs of a Violent Relationship between Israel and Palestine 8 The Founding of the State of Israel 9 Foundations of State and Society 10 The Israelis: A Migrant Society in Flux 11 Israel in the Middle East: Between War and Peace-Process 12 Democracy under Stress 13 The Israeli Economic Miracle and the Nuclear Nightmare 14 Israel’s Image in the World 15 Future Prospects: Looking Ahead For further reading Judaism in America 1 A Revolution in American Judaism 2 Conflict and Competition 3 Americanizing Jewish Culture: Capitalism and Gender 4 Jewish Communal Organizations 5 New Religious Movements 6 Postwar Religion and Politics 7 American Jews with American Values 8 Diversity and Dissent For further reading Judaism in Europe after the Second World War 1 Displaced Persons 2 The Soviet Union and Successor States 2.1 The Situation of the Jewish Population in the Post-War Decades 2.2 Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union 2.3 Developments since Perestroika 3 Poland and Hungary 4 Germany 5 Great Britain 6 France 7 Southern Europe 7.1 Italy 7.2 Spain 7.3 Greece 8 Judaism in Europe: Organizations, Plans, and Discussions For further reading Index 1 Sources 1 Hebrew Bible 1.1 New Testament 1.2 Deuterocanonical Works and Septuagint 1.3 Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 1.4 Dead Sea Scrolls 1.5 Philo of Alexandria 1.6 Flavius Josephus 1.7 Rabbinical Sources 1.8 Classical and Ancient Christian Writings 2 Names 3 Keywords Maps