Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

Description

This book provides global case studies of environmental military range management, written by experts with first-hand experience of contamination, remediation, sampling, analysis, and environmental management. Each chapter provides a key lessons summary to support knowledge sharing and best practice evidence-based decision-making. It will be of particular interest to environmental scientists and managers, defence specialists, and those working within the military sphere. PRELIMS.pdf Acknowledgements Editor biographies Tracey J Temple Melissa K Ladyman Contributors Message from the editors Abbreviations Outline placeholder Introduction to environmental management Environmental management for defence Environmental management for military training ranges A summary of contributions References CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Scientific principles of environmental management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Contextualising military training environments 1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment 1.3.1 Nitramine explosives 1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives 1.3.3 Propellants 1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one 1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives 1.4.1 Laboratory experiments 1.4.2 Computational modelling 1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes 1.5 Conclusion References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background 2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process 2.3.1 Sample quality criteria 2.3.2 Material properties 2.3.3 Theory of sampling 2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference 2.4 Error and error reduction 2.4.1 Magnitude of error 2.4.2 Controlling for error 2.4.3 Other sources of error 2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error 2.5 Sampling 2.5.1 Objectives 2.5.2 Sampling 2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4) 2.5.4 Best practices 2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case 2.7 Sample processing and analysis 2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics 2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error 2.7.3 Analytical processes 2.8 Conclusion References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Well location 3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures 3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures 3.1.4 Well components 3.1.5 Well development 3.1.6 Water level measurements 3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling 3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control 3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests) 3.1.10 Conclusion 3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability 3.2.3 Hazard 3.2.4 Risk 3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors 3.2.6 Conclusions References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Analysis of explosives in the environment 4.1 Sample preparation 4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives 4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques 4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques 4.3 Conclusion References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology 5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology 5.2.2 USEtox method 5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges 5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory 5.3.2 Impact assessment 5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations 6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products 6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing 6.2.3 Military smokes 6.2.4 Sampling and analysis 6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation 6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches 6.3.2 In vitro approaches 6.3.3 In vivo approaches 6.4 Recommendations and way forward 6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products 6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis 6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background 7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media 7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials 7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater 7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants 7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies 7.3.2 Incineration 7.3.3 Composting 7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process 7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH) 7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S) 7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC) 7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB) 7.4 Conclusions and further work References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Studied ranges 8.3 Methods 8.4 Results and discussion 8.4.1 Range activities 8.4.2 Potential point sources 8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges 8.5 Conclusion References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods for contaminated site management 9.2.1 Historical investigation 9.2.2 Technical investigation 9.2.3 Risk assessment 9.2.4 Remediation concept 9.3 Pollutant management techniques 9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops 9.3.2 Drainage systems 9.3.3 Avoid protected areas 9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain 9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges 9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland 9.5 Discussion and conclusion References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark 10.1 Introduction 10.2 History of Borris shooting range 10.3 Conducting the survey 10.3.1 Background 10.3.2 Purpose 10.3.3 Scope 10.4 Compounds 10.5 Sampling 10.5.1 Artillery firing position 10.5.2 Impact area artillery 10.5.3 Anti-tank range 10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant 10.5.5 Hand grenade range 10.5.6 Omme Å stream 10.6 Results 10.6.1 Artillery firing position 10.6.2 Impact area artillery 10.6.3 Anti-tank range 10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant 10.6.5 Hand grenade range 10.6.6 Omme Å stream 10.7 Assessment 10.7.1 Artillery firing position 10.7.2 Impact area artillery 10.7.3 Anti-tank range 10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant 10.7.5 Hand grenade range 10.7.6 Omme Å stream 10.8 Conclusion CH011.pdf Chapter 11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction of the excess artillery gun propellant 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool 11.3 Introduction 11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher 11.3.2 Summary 11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials 11.4.1 Introduction 11.4.2 Methodology 11.4.3 Results 11.4.4 Summary 11.5 Investigations on the efficiency of remedial methods for energetic materials: dithionite and lime 11.5.1 Introduction 11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies 11.5.3 Summary 11.6 Conclusions References CH012.pdf Chapter 12 Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Case study 12.2.1 Methodology 12.2.2 Results and reports 12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation 12.2.4 Soil survey 12.2.5 Vegetation survey 12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves 12.3 Conclusions References CH013.pdf Chapter 13 Bushfire management (Australia) 13.1 Background 13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate 13.3 Defence bushfire management policy 13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013 13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations 13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements 13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers 13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management 13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area 13.7 Conclusion References CH014.pdf Chapter 14 Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Matrix selection criteria 14.3 Insensitive munitions 14.4 Environmental properties 14.4.1 Human toxicity 14.4.2 Ecotoxicity 14.4.3 Bioavailability 14.4.4 Leaching 14.4.5 Degradation 14.4.6 Recycling 14.5 Costs 14.6 Technical feasibility 14.7 Performance 14.8 Final selection 14.9 Conclusions References