Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth: Beneficial Interactions and Applications

Description

Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth: Beneficial Interactions and Applications explains how modern molecular tools can unlock the plant's microbial network, building the bridge between plant and environment. Chapters describe the usefulness of the endophytic microbiome of different crops, including cereals, vegetables and horticulture, and delve into the latest research surrounding the applications of plant-microbe interactions in improving plant growth. Other topics discussed include root endophytes and their role in plant fitness, seed associated endophytes and their functions, and microbial endophytes and nanotechnology. This is a one-stop resource for scientists wanting access to the latest research in plant microbiology. The book also provides advanced techniques for using multi-omics approaches to study plant-microbe interactions, providing readers with a practical approach. Front Cover Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth Copyright Page Contents List of contributors 1 Microbial endophytes’ association and application in plant health: an overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Microbial endophytes 1.2.1 Analysis of endophytes 1.2.2 Transmission of endophytes 1.2.3 Visualization of endophytes inside plant tissue 1.3 Applications of microbial endophytes 1.3.1 Plant growth regulator and nutrient manager 1.3.2 Microbial biofertilizer 1.3.3 Phytoremediation through endophytes 1.3.4 Endophytes as phytostimulator 1.3.5 Role of endophytes in phytovolatilization 1.3.6 Plant disease protector 1.4 Major constrains and future prospectus References 2 Endophytes: a potential bioagent for plant disease management 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Colonization of endophytes 2.3 Diversity of microbes in the medicinal plant 2.3.1 Medicinal plant-associated fungal endophyte 2.3.2 Medicinal plant-associated bacteria 2.4 Ecology of the medicinal plant-associated microbiome 2.4.1 Factors influencing the interactions between the medicinal plant and associated fungi 2.4.1.1 Habitat 2.4.1.2 Soil type 2.4.1.3 Interaction type 2.5 Plant disease management 2.6 Volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by endophytes for plant disease management 2.6.1 Volatile compounds from endophytes 2.6.2 Non-volatile compounds from endophytes 2.7 The mechanism of plant disease management 2.7.1 Mycoparasitism 2.7.2 Antibiosis 2.7.3 Induced systemic resistance 2.7.4 Competition 2.7.5 Other mechanisms 2.8 Conclusion and future perspectives Author contributions Conflict of interest Acknowledgments References 3 Role of bacterial endophytes in plant stress tolerance: current research and future outlook 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Role of bacterial endophytes under biotic stress in plants 3.2.1 Fungi 3.2.2 Bacteria and virus 3.2.3 Nematodes, insects and plants 3.3 Role of bacterial endophytes under abiotic stress in plants 3.3.1 Salinity 3.3.2 Inorganic and organic pollution 3.3.2.1 Heavy metal pollution 3.3.2.2 Organic pollution 3.3.3 Climatic stress 3.3.3.1 Atmospheric CO2 3.3.3.2 Temperature 3.3.3.3 Drought 3.4 Inoculant formulations to use endophytes as a biotool for plant stress relief 3.5 Future perspectives Acknowledgments References 4 Endophytic bacteria to control plant viruses: an overview 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The phenomenon of endophytic microorganisms 4.2.1 Colonization of plants and transmission of endophytes 4.2.2 Methods of endophytes’ investigation 4.3 Plant viruses and viral diseases 4.3.1 Modern approaches to control viral infections in plants 4.4 Plant protection using endophytic microorganisms 4.5 Endophytic microorganisms and systemic resistance to viruses 4.6 Influence of plant growth-promoting strains of microorganisms on virus vectors 4.7 The direct influence of endophytes on viral particles 4.8 Conclusion References 5 The potential of endophytes to sustain plant performance in a climate change scenario 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What are endophytes? 5.3 Isolation of microbial endophytes 5.4 Endophytes–host plant interactions 5.5 Beneficial key roles of endophytes as a biocontrol agent 5.6 Mechanisms of endophytes as biofertilizers 5.7 Potential of endophytes to stimulate host defense mechanisms 5.8 Bio-compounds produced in the endophyte-plant synergy against biotic stresses 5.9 Compounds that may improve endophytic colonization and factors would diminish microbial performance 5.10 Influence of endophytes in plant responses to abiotic stresses for a sustainable remedy to climate change mitigation 5.11 Microbial endophytes’ bioremediation potential 5.12 Conclusions References 6 Endophytic microbes from medicinal plants, their antimicrobial potential, and role in green agriculture 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Different types of endophytic microbes 6.3 Endophytes microbes and host plant interaction 6.4 Endophytic microbes related to medicinal plants 6.5 Different types of endophytes associated with medicinal plants 6.6 Endophytic microbes related to tomato, potato, legumes, and fruits 6.7 Role of endophytic microbes in plant growth 6.7.1 Endophytic bacteria 6.7.2 Role of endophytic fungi 6.8 Role of endophytes in biological control and phosphate solubilization 6.9 Mode of action of endophytic microbes in plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biocontrol, phosphate solubilization 6.10 Major metabolites, antimicrobial compounds origin from agricultural important endophytic microbes 6.11 Conclusion and future prospective Acknowledgement References 7 Mangrove endophytes and their natural metabolites: role in promoting plant health 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Plant growth and development 7.1.2 Plant pests and pathogens 7.1.3 Signs and symptoms of plant diseases 7.1.4 Plant defense systems 7.1.5 Endophytes and their role in plant health 7.1.5.1 Plant growth promotion under abiotic stress 7.1.5.2 Increased resistance to biotic stress 7.2 Mangrove plants and their endophytes 7.2.1 Mangrove habitats, distribution, and significance 7.2.2 Adaptability and diversity of mangrove plants 7.2.3 Endophytes from mangrove plants 7.3 Mangrove endophytes and their metabolites with a role in plant health 7.4 Avicennia endophytes and their metabolites with a role in plant health 7.4.1 Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) (syn. Avicennia nitida) 7.4.2 Avicennia marina (gray or white mangrove) 7.4.2.1 Avicennia marina subsp. marina (syn. Avicennia lanata) 7.4.2.2 Avicennia marina subsp. marina (syn. Abies alba) 7.4.2.3 Avicennia officinalis (Indian mangrove) 7.5 Conclusions and prospects References 8 Role of fungal endophytes on mycorrhizal-plant association and its impact on plant fitness 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Endophytes 8.1.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 8.2 Belowground root associated fungi-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction 8.2.1 Dark septate endophytes 8.2.2 Phosphate solubilizing fungi 8.2.2.1 Importance, diversity, and applications 8.2.2.2 In vitro phosphate-solubilizing fungus effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi asymbiotic, pre-symbiotic and symbiot... 8.2.2.3 Phosphate-solubilizing fungus and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions on plant fitness 8.3 Aboveground fungal endophytes–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions 8.3.1 Epichloë endophytes 8.3.1.1 Effects of Epichloë endophytes on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 8.3.1.2 Influence of Epichloë on the diversity and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities 8.3.1.3 Effect of Epichloë endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant fitness 8.3.1.4 Epichloë infected plants modulate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and growth of neighboring plants 8.3.2 Horizontal-transmitted leaf endophytes 8.4 Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References 9 Postharvest disease management of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using endophytic actinobacteria as natural biocontrol ... 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Common postharvest diseases of tomato and its management 9.2 Major postharvest diseases and their causative agents 9.2.1 Major fungal postharvest diseases of tomato 9.2.2 Major bacterial postharvest diseases of tomato 9.2.3 Major viral postharvest diseases of tomato 9.2.4 Approaches to control postharvest pathogen 9.2.5 Physical control 9.2.6 Chemical control 9.2.7 Biological control 9.2.8 Endophytes as efficient biocontrol agent 9.2.9 Colonization of endophytes 9.3 Endophytic actinobacteria for disease suppression in Tomato 9.4 Commercial strains of actinobacteria available in the market 9.5 Future prospects 9.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading 10 Endophyte mediated plant health via phytohormones and biomolecules 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Phytohormones by endophytes 10.2.1 Auxin biosynthesis 10.2.2 Gibberellin biosynthesis 10.2.3 Cytokinin biosynthesis 10.2.4 Abscisic acid 10.2.5 Salicylic acid 10.3 Biomolecules contributed by endophytes 10.3.1 Secondary metabolites 10.3.1.1 Alkaloids 10.3.1.2 Terpenoids 10.3.1.3 Isocoumarin derivatives 10.3.1.4 Quinones 10.3.1.5 Flavonoids 10.3.1.6 Chlorinated metabolites 10.3.1.7 Phenol and phenolic acids 10.3.2 Enzymes 10.3.2.1 Chitinases 10.3.2.2 Cellulase 10.3.2.3 Hemicellulase 10.3.2.4 Pectinase 10.3.2.5 Xylanases 10.3.2.6 Antioxidant enzymes 10.3.2.7 1-Aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate deaminase 10.3.3 Metal chelating molecules 10.3.3.1 Siderophore 10.3.4 Antibiotics 10.3.5 Antioxidants 10.4 Mechanisms of endophyte mediated disease control 10.4.1 Endophyte-mediated abiotic stress tolerance 10.4.1.1 Drought tolerance via endophytes 10.4.1.2 Salinity and alkalinity tolerance 10.4.1.3 Temperature stress tolerance 10.4.2 Endophyte-mediated biotic stress tolerance 10.4.2.1 Induction of disease resistance in plants 10.4.2.2 Mechanism of endophyte-mediated disease control 10.5 Conclusion and future outlook References 11 Bacterial endophytes as bioinoculant: microbial functions and applications toward sustainable farming 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Diversity of bacterial endophytes isolated from different plants 11.3 Role of bacterial endophytes as bioinoculants in agriculture 11.3.1 Nitrogen assimilation 11.3.2 Phosphate solubilization 11.3.3 Siderophore production 11.3.4 Potassium (K) solubilization 11.3.5 Zinc (Zn) solubilization 11.3.6 Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase utilization 11.4 Approach for development of bioinoculants 11.4.1 Characteristics of bioinoculate formulations 11.4.2 Role of biotechnological processes in plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterial formulation preparation 11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives References 12 Endophytic fungi of the genus Talaromyces and plant health 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Notes on taxonomy 12.3 Endophytic occurrence of Talaromyces species 12.4 Interactions with plants 12.4.1 Endophytic Talaromyces and plant growth promotion 12.4.2 Endophytic Talaromyces as antagonists of plant pathogens 12.4.3 Exploitation of bioactive properties of secondary metabolites and enzymes 12.5 Use in crop protection 12.6 Conclusions References 13 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by amalgamating microbial endophytes: potential environmental applications and futur... 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Endophytes and nanoparticles 13.2.1 Endophytic microbes as bio-factories of nanoparticles 13.3 Isolation technique of endophytic microorganism 13.4 Nanoparticle synthesis by amalgamating endophytic microorganisms 13.4.1 The amalgamation of bacterial endophytes 13.4.2 The amalgamation of endophytic fungi 13.4.3 The amalgamation of endophytic actinomycetes 13.5 Effect of various parameters during nanoparticles synthesis 13.5.1 Effect of pH 13.5.2 Effect of temperatures 13.5.3 Effect of precursor concentration 13.5.4 Effects of the microbial growth phase 13.6 Characterization of synthesized nanoparticle 13.7 Application of endophytic nanoparticles 13.7.1 Phytopathology 13.7.1.1 Nano-metal toxicity against bacteria 13.7.1.2 Nano-metal toxicity against fungus 13.7.1.3 Nano-biotechnology enhancing plant resistance 13.7.1.4 Nano pesticides improve plant resistance 13.7.1.5 Plant growth-inducing effect of nanoparticles 13.7.1.6 Nematocidal agents 13.7.1.7 Insecticidal agents 13.7.2 Pharmacological applications 13.7.2.1 Anti-carcinogenic activity 13.7.2.2 Larvicidal activity 13.7.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity 13.7.2.4 Antibiofilm activity 13.7.3 Human health applications 13.7.3.1 Wound healing activity 13.7.3.2 Antiviral activity 13.7.3.3 Antioxidant activity 13.7.3.4 Immunomodulators and substantial agents 13.7.3.5 Antidiabetic agent 13.7.4 Textile fabrics coatings 13.7.5 Biosensors for contaminant detection 13.7.6 Disease management 13.7.7 Biomedical applications 13.7.8 Antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant bacteria 13.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 14 Beneficial endophytic Trichoderma functions in plant health management 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Host range and diversity 14.3 Mechanism of plant interaction 14.3.1 Colonization of plants by endophytic Trichoderma 14.4 Plant fitness responses by endophytic Trichoderma 14.4.1 Nutrient acquisition 14.4.2 Phytohormone production and modulation 14.4.3 Mechanism of alleviations of abiotic and biotic stress 14.4.4 Mechanism of alleviations of biotic stress 14.5 Conclusion and future perspectives References 15 Environmental factors and plant–microbes (endophytes) interaction: an overview and future outlook 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Distribution and occurrence of endophytes 15.2.1 Types of endophytes 15.2.1.1 Based on cellular organization 15.2.1.2 Systemic and non-systemic 15.2.1.3 Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous 15.2.2 Occurrence and distribution in nature 15.2.3 Entophytes as a warehouse of secondary metabolites 15.2.3.1 Taxol (paclitaxel) 15.2.3.2 Camptothecin 15.2.3.3 Huperzine-A (HupA) 15.2.3.4 Etoposide and teniposide 15.2.3.5 Helvolic acid 15.2.3.6 Chloropupukeananin 15.3 Endophyte function as genetic alternation in the host 15.4 Mechanisms and application of endophytes in environmental stresses 15.4.1 Drought stress 15.4.2 Salinity stress 15.4.3 Temperature stress 15.4.4 Heavy metal toxicity 15.4.5 Nutrient stress (uptake and recycling of nutrients) 15.5 Hypothetical mechanisms promoting abiotic stress tolerance in plants mediated by endophytes 15.5.1 Osmotic adjustment 15.5.2 Protection against oxidative stress 15.5.2.1 Synthesis of antioxidants 15.5.2.2 Reduction of ethylene concentration 15.5.2.3 Detoxification of ammonia 15.5.2.4 The activity of defense-related genes 15.6 Challenges in biopesticides development with endophytes for environmental stresses mitigation 15.7 Conclusion and future outlook Conflict of interest Acknowledgment References 16 Endophytic Fusarium and their association with plant growth 16.1 Introduction 16.2 A fine line-endophytic Fusarium either pathogenic or nonpathogenic organism 16.3 Endophytic Fusarium and their association with plant 16.3.1 Positive response 16.3.2 Negative response 16.3.2.1 Mycotoxins 16.3.2.2 Fusarium mycotoxins' relationship with host plant 16.4 Endophytic Fusarium and their role in plant growth 16.4.1 Bioactive compounds 16.4.2 Secondary metabolites 16.4.3 Diseases management 16.5 Conclusion and future outlook References 17 Microbial endophytes as probiotics for the plant health: an overview 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Plant probiotics endophytes 17.3 Effect on plant health 17.3.1 Endophytes as biocontrol 17.3.2 Nutrient management and mobilization 17.3.3 Bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites 17.3.4 Root colonizer and phytohormone producer 17.3.5 Iron chelating endophytes 17.3.6 Abiotic stress tolerance and ACC deaminase producer 17.4 Potential use of endophytic probiotics in industries 17.5 Genome mapping of potential endophytes 17.6 Progress and developments of endophytic probiotics 17.7 Conclusive remarks References 18 Efficacy of microbial endophytes in bioremediation: current research and future outlook 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Sources of toxic trace elements and their impacts on soil health 18.2.1 Contamination through natural sources 18.2.2 Contamination through anthropogenic sources 18.2.2.1 Geogenic 18.2.2.2 Municipal 18.2.2.3 Industrial 18.2.2.4 Agricultural 18.2.3 Mechanisms of metal tolerance and detoxification by the endophyte microbes 18.2.4 Impacts on soil health 18.2.5 Significance of microbes in soil health sustenance under heavy metal-contaminated soil 18.3 Potentiality of endophytes for the remediation of toxic trace elements 18.3.1 Bacteria 18.3.2 Fungi 18.4 Future research strategies References Further reading Index Back Cover