Neurological Consequences of Nutritional Disorders

Description

This book focuses on the impact of nutritional disorders on the nervous system. Nutritional disorders are caused due to poverty, famine, infestations, ignorance in the developing world and due to food faddism, isolation, depression, addictions, and comorbidities in the developed countries. This book has chapters on various disorders covering basic knowledge, their clinical manifestations, basis and etiology, laboratory diagnosis, method of treatment and prognosis. It provides the guidelines to students and clinicians for dealing with such disorders which are easily preventable and amenable to treatment whose early diagnosis and management can avert morbidity and mortality. Key Features Deals with the unexplored topic of the neurological impact of nutritional disorders Will be essential for neurologists, general physicians, and pediatricians Includes key illustrated examples from authors' clinical practice. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the authors 1 Role of nutrition in the growth and development of nervous system Introduction Structural development Embryonal and fetal development Requirement of nutrients in the developing brain Iron Copper Zinc Fatty acid Protein energy malnutrition Other nutrients Iodine Assessment of nutritional deficiency in neonates and children Factors influencing the effect of undernutrition Mediating effect: Undernutrition affects physical and mental development by two mechanisms Recovery from nutritional deficiency Conclusion References 2 Protein energy malnutrition Introduction Historical background Global burden Types of malnutrition Diagnosis of undernutrition Diagnosis Pathophysiology of malnutrition Treatment Complications of enteral feeding Parenteral nutrition Management of malnutrition in children Prevention of malnutrition Conclusions References Contents 3 Thiamine deficiency neurological disorders Introduction History Pathophysiology Thiamine deficiency Clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency Neurological manifestations of thiamine deficiency Wernicke encephalopathy Neuropathology Treatment Outcome and recovery pattern of WE Korsakoff syndrome Beriberi The other syndromes possibly related to thiamine deficiency Case definition of thiamine deficiency disorders Genetic defect resulting in thiamine deficiency disorders Prevention Conclusion References 4 Niacin deficiency: Pellagra Introduction Historical background Sources of niacin Absorption and metabolism Epidemiology Clinical features of niacin deficiency Diagnostic criteria Pathophysiology Pathology Treatment Hartnup disease Prevention Toxicity of niacin Conclusions References 5 Neurological manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency Introduction History Mechanism of action Unwanted effects of PLP Sources of pyridoxine Absorption and distribution Causes of pyridoxine deficiency Clinical syndromes of pyridoxine deficiency Peripheral neuropathy Systemic manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency Pyridoxine hypervitaminosis Diagnosis and treatment Conclusion References 6 Neurological effects of Vitamin B12 deficiency Introduction Historical background Structure and function of vitamin B12 Dietary sources of vitamin B12 Daily requirement of vitamin B12 Absorption Cellular function of cobalamin Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency Cobalamin and folate relationship Clinical features of cobalamin deficiency Hematological manifestations Neurological manifestations Pathology Laboratory diagnosis Conundrum of subclinical cobalamin deficiency Treatment Cobalamin deficiency in pediatrics Outcome Conclusion References 7 Vitamin D deficiency Introduction History Epidemiology Pathophysiology Sources of Vitamin D Recommended dietary intake of vitamin D Causes of vitamin D deficiency Clinical syndromes of vitamin D deficiency Musculoskeletal system Rickets Osteomalacia Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency, rickets and osteomalacia Nonskeletal functions of vitamin D Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory disease Treatment of vitamin D deficiency Genetically mediated rickets or osteomalacia Conclusion References 8 Vitamin E deficiency and its neurological effects Introduction Historical background Sources of vitamin E Structure and functions of vitamin E Absorption and metabolism Mechanism of action Vitamin E deficiency state Clinical feature of vitamin E deficiency Isolated vitamin E deficiency Investigations Treatment Vitamin E in restorative neurology Vitamin E toxicity Conclusion References 9 Neurological manifestations of fluorosis Introduction History Epidemiology Absorption and distribution Pathophysiology Clinical features Dental fluorosis Skeletal fluorosis Neurological complications of fluorosis Investigations Management Prevention Conclusion References 10 Iodine deficiency disorders and their neurological consequences Introduction History Epidemiology Sources of iodine Absorption and distribution Daily recommended dose of iodine Role of iodine in neurological development Community intervention studies Measurement of Iodine status Treatment and prevention Conclusions References 11 Neurological consequences of copper and zinc deficiency Introduction Copper History Absorption Dietary sources of copper Copper deficiency Role of copper in cell injury Clinical effects of copper deficiency Diagnosis of copper deficiency state Treatment Copper toxicity Zinc Daily requirement and dietary sources of zinc Dietary source of zinc Absorption Cellular biology of zinc Clinical features of zinc deficiency Diagnosis of zinc deficiency Treatment Conclusion References 12 Water as a nutrient in health and disease Introduction History Water homeostasis Regulation of fluid intake Output Regulation of water balance Health effects of hypohydration Neurological effects Physical activity Skin Cardiovascular effects Renal functions Gastrointestinal functions Relationship between water consumption and energy intake Water requirement Types of dehydration Clinical signs of dehydration World Health Organization (WHO) scale of dehydration Management Fluid management in relation to exercise Fluid therapy in critically ill patients Types of fluid Fluid overload Water toxicity Conclusion References 13 Electrolytes in health and disease Introduction History Sodium Definition and causes of hyponatremia Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Classification of hyponatremia Management of hyponatremia Hypernatremia Potassium Introduction Potassium homeostasis Hypokalemia Laboratory investigation Treatment of Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Clinical features Treatment Magnesium Hypomagnesemia Etiology Clinical features Treatment Hypermagnesemia Calcium Hypocalcaemia Hypercalcemia Phosphorus Hyperphosphatemia Conclusion References 14 Specific dietary management of certain neurological disorders Introduction Phenylketonuria Historical aspect Metabolic abnormality Diagnosis Treatment Maple syrup urine disease Historical aspects Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnosis Treatment Methyl malonic acidemia and propionic acidemia Clinical features Laboratory investigations Treatment Fatty acid oxidation disorders Glycogen storage disease Galactosemia Urea cycle disorders (UCD) Ketogenic diet Conclusion References Index