Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step, 9th Edition PDF.pdf

Description

John Sharp is a principal technologist for CM Group Ltd, a software development and consultancy company in the United Kingdom. He is well versed as a software consultant, developer, author, and trainer, with more than 35 years of experience, ranging from Pascal programming on CP/M and C/Oracle application development on various flavors of UNIX to the design of C# and JavaScript distributed applications and development on Windows 10 and Microsoft Azure. He also spends much of his time writing courseware for Microsoft, focusing on areas such as Data Science using R and Python, Big Data processing with Spark and CosmosDB, and scalable application architecture with Azure. Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 4 Contents at a Glance......Page 17 Contents......Page 19 Acknowledgments......Page 33 About the Author......Page 35 Introduction......Page 36 PART I INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2017......Page 50 Beginning programming with the Visual Studio 2017 environment......Page 51 Writing your first program......Page 57 Using namespaces......Page 66 Creating a graphical application......Page 71 Examining the Universal Windows Platform app......Page 83 Adding code to the graphical application......Page 88 Quick reference......Page 92 Understanding statements......Page 94 Using identifiers......Page 95 Identifying keywords......Page 96 Using variables......Page 97 Declaring variables......Page 98 Specifying numeric values......Page 99 Working with primitive data types......Page 100 Unassigned local variables......Page 101 Displaying primitive data type values......Page 102 Using arithmetic operators......Page 110 Operators and types......Page 111 Examining arithmetic operators......Page 114 Controlling precedence......Page 120 Associativity and the assignment operator......Page 121 Prefix and postfix......Page 123 Declaring implicitly typed local variables......Page 124 Quick reference......Page 126 Creating methods......Page 128 Declaring a method......Page 129 Returning data from a method......Page 131 Using expression-bodied methods......Page 132 Specifying the method call syntax......Page 134 Returning multiple values from a method......Page 138 Applying scope......Page 141 Defining local scope......Page 142 Defining class scope......Page 143 Overloading methods......Page 144 Writing methods......Page 145 Refactoring code......Page 152 Nesting methods......Page 157 Using optional parameters and named arguments......Page 161 Defining optional parameters......Page 163 Passing named arguments......Page 164 Resolving ambiguities with optional parameters and named arguments......Page 165 Quick reference......Page 172 Chapter 4 Using decision statements......Page 175 Using Boolean operators......Page 176 Understanding conditional logical operators......Page 177 Summarizing operator precedence and associativity......Page 179 Understanding if statement syntax......Page 181 Using blocks to group statements......Page 183 Cascading if statements......Page 184 Using switch statements......Page 191 Understanding switch statement syntax......Page 192 Following the switch statement rules......Page 193 Quick reference......Page 198 Using compound assignment operators......Page 201 Writing while statements......Page 203 Writing for statements......Page 210 Understanding for statement scope......Page 212 Writing do statements......Page 213 Quick reference......Page 223 Chapter 6 Managing errors and exceptions......Page 225 Trying code and catching exceptions......Page 226 Unhandled exceptions......Page 228 Using multiple catch handlers......Page 229 Catching multiple exceptions......Page 230 Filtering exceptions......Page 232 Propagating exceptions......Page 238 Using checked and unchecked integer arithmetic......Page 240 Writing checked statements......Page 241 Writing checked expressions......Page 242 Throwing exceptions......Page 246 Using throw exceptions......Page 252 Using a finally block......Page 253 Summary......Page 254 Quick reference......Page 255 PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL......Page 257 Chapter 7 Creating and managing classes and objects......Page 258 The purpose of encapsulation......Page 259 Defining and using a class......Page 260 Controlling accessibility......Page 261 Working with constructors......Page 264 Overloading constructors......Page 265 Deconstructing an object......Page 276 Understanding static methods and data......Page 278 Creating a shared field......Page 279 Creating a static field by using the const keyword......Page 280 Understanding static classes......Page 281 Static using statements......Page 282 Anonymous classes......Page 285 Quick reference......Page 287 Copying value type variables and classes......Page 290 Understanding null values and nullable types......Page 298 The null-conditional operator......Page 300 Using nullable types......Page 301 Understanding the properties of nullable types......Page 302 Using ref and out parameters......Page 303 Creating ref parameters......Page 304 Creating out parameters......Page 305 How computer memory is organized......Page 308 Using the stack and the heap......Page 310 The System.Object class......Page 311 Boxing......Page 312 Unboxing......Page 313 The is operator......Page 315 The as operator......Page 316 The switch statement revisited......Page 317 Quick reference......Page 321 Working with enumerations......Page 324 Using an enumeration......Page 325 Choosing enumeration literal values......Page 327 Choosing an enumeration’s underlying type......Page 328 Working with structures......Page 331 Declaring a structure......Page 333 Understanding differences between structures and classes......Page 334 Declaring structure variables......Page 336 Understanding structure initialization......Page 337 Copying structure variables......Page 342 Quick reference......Page 348 Declaring and creating an array......Page 350 Declaring array variables......Page 351 Creating an array instance......Page 352 Populating and using an array......Page 353 Creating an implicitly typed array......Page 354 Accessing an individual array element......Page 355 Iterating through an array......Page 356 Passing arrays as parameters and return values for a method......Page 358 Copying arrays......Page 361 Creating jagged arrays......Page 363 Accessing arrays that contain value types......Page 377 Quick reference......Page 381 Overloading—a recap......Page 384 Using array arguments......Page 386 Declaring a params array......Page 387 Using params object[ ]......Page 390 Using a params array......Page 392 Comparing parameter arrays and optional parameters......Page 395 Summary......Page 398 Quick reference......Page 399 What is inheritance?......Page 400 Using inheritance......Page 401 Calling base-class constructors......Page 404 Assigning classes......Page 406 Declaring new methods......Page 408 Declaring virtual methods......Page 410 Declaring override methods......Page 411 Understanding protected access......Page 414 Creating extension methods......Page 421 Summary......Page 426 Quick reference......Page 427 Chapter 13 Creating interfaces and defining abstract classes......Page 429 Understanding interfaces......Page 430 Defining an interface......Page 431 Implementing an interface......Page 432 Referencing a class through its interface......Page 434 Explicitly implementing an interface......Page 435 Defining and using interfaces......Page 438 Abstract classes......Page 450 Sealed classes......Page 452 Implementing and using an abstract class......Page 453 Summary......Page 461 Quick reference......Page 462 The life and times of an object......Page 464 Writing destructors......Page 466 Why use the garbage collector?......Page 469 How does the garbage collector work?......Page 471 Recommendations......Page 472 Disposal methods......Page 473 Exception-safe disposal......Page 474 The using statement and the IDisposable interface......Page 475 Calling the Dispose method from a destructor......Page 477 Implementing exception-safe disposal......Page 479 Summary......Page 490 Quick reference......Page 491 PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C#......Page 493 Chapter 15 Implementing properties to access fields......Page 494 Implementing encapsulation by using methods......Page 495 What are properties?......Page 497 Using properties......Page 500 Read-only properties......Page 501 Write-only properties......Page 502 Understanding the property restrictions......Page 503 Declaring interface properties......Page 506 Replacing methods with properties......Page 507 Generating automatic properties......Page 513 Initializing objects by using properties......Page 516 Quick reference......Page 521 What is an indexer?......Page 524 Storing binary values......Page 525 Displaying binary values......Page 526 Manipulating binary values......Page 527 Solving the same problems using indexers......Page 529 Understanding indexer accessors......Page 532 Comparing indexers and arrays......Page 533 Indexers in interfaces......Page 535 Using indexers in a Windows application......Page 536 Quick reference......Page 544 The problem: Misusing with the object type......Page 547 The generics solution......Page 551 Generics and constraints......Page 555 The theory of binary trees......Page 556 Building a binary tree class by using generics......Page 560 Creating a generic method......Page 572 Defining a generic method to build a binary tree......Page 573 Variance and generic interfaces......Page 576 Covariant interfaces......Page 578 Contravariant interfaces......Page 580 Summary......Page 583 Quick reference......Page 584 What are collection classes?......Page 586 The List collection class......Page 588 The LinkedList collection class......Page 591 The Queue collection class......Page 593 The Stack collection class......Page 595 The Dictionary collection class......Page 596 The SortedList collection class......Page 598 The HashSet collection class......Page 599 Using collection initializers......Page 601 The Find methods, predicates, and lambda expressions......Page 602 The forms of lambda expressions......Page 605 Comparing arrays and collections......Page 607 Using collection classes to play cards......Page 608 Quick reference......Page 613 Enumerating the elements in a collection......Page 616 Manually implementing an enumerator......Page 618 Implementing the IEnumerable interface......Page 624 A simple iterator......Page 627 Defining an enumerator for the Tree class by using an iterator......Page 630 Summary......Page 632 Quick reference......Page 633 Chapter 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events......Page 635 Understanding delegates......Page 636 Examples of delegates in the .NET Framework class library......Page 638 The automated factory scenario......Page 640 Implementing the factory by using a delegate......Page 641 Declaring and using delegates......Page 645 Creating a method adapter......Page 656 Declaring an event......Page 658 Subscribing to an event......Page 659 Raising an event......Page 660 Understanding user interface events......Page 661 Using events......Page 663 Summary......Page 670 Quick reference......Page 671 Chapter 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions......Page 674 Using LINQ in a C# application......Page 675 Selecting data......Page 678 Filtering data......Page 681 Ordering, grouping, and aggregating data......Page 682 Joining data......Page 685 Using query operators......Page 687 Querying data in Tree objects......Page 690 LINQ and deferred evaluation......Page 698 Summary......Page 702 Quick reference......Page 703 Understanding operators......Page 706 Operator constraints......Page 707 Overloaded operators......Page 708 Creating symmetric operators......Page 710 Understanding compound assignment evaluation......Page 712 Declaring increment and decrement operators......Page 713 Comparing operators in structures and classes......Page 714 Defining operator pairs......Page 715 Implementing operators......Page 716 Understanding conversion operators......Page 724 Providing built-in conversions......Page 725 Implementing user-defined conversion operators......Page 726 Creating symmetric operators, revisited......Page 727 Writing conversion operators......Page 728 Quick reference......Page 731 PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS PLATFORM APPLICATIONS WITH C#......Page 733 Why perform multitasking by using parallel processing?......Page 734 The rise of the multicore processor......Page 735 Implementing multitasking by using the Microsoft .NET Framework......Page 737 Tasks, threads, and the ThreadPool......Page 738 Creating, running, and controlling tasks......Page 740 Using the Task class to implement parallelism......Page 743 Abstracting tasks by using the Parallel class......Page 761 When not to use the Parallel class......Page 766 The mechanics of cooperative cancellation......Page 769 Summary......Page 786 Quick reference......Page 787 Chapter 24 Improving response time by performing asynchronous operations......Page 790 Defining asynchronous methods: The problem......Page 792 Defining asynchronous methods: The solution......Page 796 Defining asynchronous methods that return values......Page 805 Asynchronous method gotchas......Page 807 Asynchronous methods and the Windows Runtime APIs......Page 809 Tasks, memory allocation, and efficiency......Page 811 Using PLINQ to parallelize declarative data access......Page 815 Using PLINQ to improve performance while iterating through a collection......Page 816 Canceling a PLINQ query......Page 822 Synchronizing concurrent access to data......Page 823 Synchronization primitives for coordinating tasks......Page 827 The concurrent collection classes......Page 831 Using a concurrent collection and a lock to implement thread-safe data access......Page 832 Quick reference......Page 846 Chapter 25 Implementing the user interface for a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 850 Features of a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 852 Using the Blank App template to build a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 856 Implementing a scalable user interface......Page 859 Applying styles to a UI......Page 898 Quick reference......Page 911 Chapter 26 Displaying and searching for data in a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 913 Implementing the Model–View–ViewModel pattern......Page 914 Displaying data by using data binding......Page 915 Modifying data by using data binding......Page 923 Using data binding with a ComboBox control......Page 929 Creating a ViewModel......Page 932 Adding commands to a ViewModel......Page 937 Searching for data using Cortana......Page 950 Providing a vocal response to voice commands......Page 966 Quick reference......Page 970 Chapter 27 Accessing a remote database from a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 973 Retrieving data from a database......Page 974 Creating an entity model......Page 983 Creating and using a REST web service......Page 995 Inserting, updating, and deleting data through a REST web service......Page 1015 Reporting errors and updating the UI......Page 1028 Summary......Page 1038 Quick reference......Page 1039 Index......Page 1042 Code Snippets......Page 1247