Quakers in the British Atlantic World, c.1660-1800

Description

The book studies the two largest Quaker communities in the early modern British Atlantic World, London and Philadelphia. It looks at the origins of the Society of Friends in mid seventeenth century England and follows its development into a well organised sect with a sophisticated organisational structure spreading across the Atlantic world. The book zooms in on the Quaker communities in these two important port cities, as well as their relationships with non-Quaker inhabitants. It scrutinizes the role of Quaker merchants and the business ethics they followed. Drawing on many unpublished sources, the study is able to portray a mid-eighteenth-century crisis for the Quaker communities when sanctions for offences against the prevailing disciplines in business (fraud, debt, bankruptcy) and marriage increased dramatically. And yet these Quaker communities got likewise caught up in wider political developments across the British Empire. In the course of a series of conflicts affecting colonial Pennsylvania in the mid eighteenth century, the Society of Friends suffered grave reputational damage. The public in England and Pennsylvania began to perceive Quakers as a sect that put its own agenda and interest over the welfare of the colonial population and the Empire. In turn, these developments led to a "Quaker reformation" and Quaker identity became guided by new principles: honesty in business and religious marital endogamy. The book will be of interest to scholars and students of economic and Atlantic history, as well as Eighteenth-Century studies and religious history. Table of Contents The Institutional Foundations of Pre-Modern Trade The Society of Friends The Quaker Communities of London and Philadelphia Quaker Business Ethics Quaker Discipline in Practice The Quaker Reformation London Friends and Honesty in Business Trade and Debt in Philadelphia Marital Endogamy War and Political Crisis Reformation and Reputation Appendix I: Queries of the London Yearly Meeting Appendix II: Philadelphia Meetings' Self-Condemnations Bibliography Front cover Contents Illustrations A Note on Terms and Language Abbreviations 1 The Institutional Foundations of Pre-Modern Trade 2 The Society of Friends 3 The Quaker Communities of London and Philadelphia 4 Quaker Business Ethics 5 Quaker Discipline in Practice 6 The Quaker Reformation 7 London Friends and Honesty in Business 8 Trade and Debt in Philadelphia 9 Marital Endogamy 10 War and Political Crisis 11 Reformation and Reputation Appendix I: Queries of the London Yearly Meeting Appendix II: Philadelphia Meetings’ Self-Condemnations Bibliography Index Previous titles