Key Questions in Second Language Acquisition

Description

Half title Title page Imprints page Dedication Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Abbreviations Prologue 1 What Are the Origins of Second Language Acquisition as a Research Field? The Revolution in Linguistics and L1 Acquisition The Revolution in Second Language Acquisition The Driving Question Some Observations on Data Types Conclusion Recap References and Readings Following Up 2 What Does Development Look Like? Morpheme Orders Developmental Sequences U-Shaped Development Markedness Relationships Summary So Far Knowing More Than What You Are Exposed To Constraints on Acquisition Back to Variation for a Moment Recap References and Readings Following Up 3 What Are the Roles of Input and Output? The Nature of Input The Necessity of Input Output Output Is Necessary Output Plays Little to No Role Output Is Beneficial Recap References and Readings Following Up 4 What Is the Initial State? Universal Grammar Universal Grammar as the Initial State No Transfer The Full Access Hypothesis The L1 Is the Initial State Full Transfer/Full Access Partial Transfer of the L1 in the Initial State Minimal Trees Hypothesis Valueless Features Hypothesis Quick Recap Other Perspectives Recap References and Readings Following Up 5 Can L2 Learners Become Nativelike? What Is Nativelikeness? Second Language Acquisition L2 Learners Cannot Become Nativelike The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis The Critical Period Hypothesis Learners Can Become Nativelike in Some Domains, But Not Others Representational Deficit Hypotheses The Shallow Structure Hypothesis Nativelikeness Is Possible Full Transfer/Full Access The Interface Hypothesis Overall Summary and Discussion Recap References and Readings Following Up 6 Does Instruction Make a Difference? Instruction and Ordered Development Instruction and Rate of Development Instruction and Ultimate Attainment The Effects of Instruction and Short-Term Studies Recap References and Readings Following Up 7 What Role Does Explicit Learning Play in L2 Acquisition? A Brief Discussion of “Learning” Can Explicit Knowledge Turn into Implicit Knowledge? Can Explicit Knowledge/Learning Influence the Development of Implicit Knowledge? Putting Explicit Learning into Perspective Recap References and Readings Following Up 8 What Are Individual Differences and How Do They Affect L2 Acquisition? Individual Differences in L1 Acquisition Individual Differences in L2 Acquisition Language Aptitude Working Memory Motivation What Do Individual Differences Explain? Individual Differences and Rate of Acquisition Recap References and Readings Following Up Epilogue Glossary Index