How Design Increases Value for Architects and Engineers

Description

Design has intrinsic, economic value. To make this value tangible, design features of buildings need to be explored, measured, and taken into account when initiating projects and financing their construction. It is as calculable as the extrinsic value of a project. However, we need concepts, strategies, methods, techniques, and tools to do just that. The Value Based Design approach and Design-Added Value (D-AV) methodology in this book enables architects, engineers, contractors and owner-clients of buildings to benefit from extraordinary design and construction features. It explains the rationale and motivation for D-AV methodology, outlines and illustrates this methodology with examples, provides complete and detailed examples of how the key analysis techniques work through historical case studies, and describes specific methods used in application of the D-AV methodology, such as Bayesian statistics, cost benefit analysis, pairwise comparison techniques, cognitive walkthroughs, and optimization. Foreword Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Author Part I: Introduction to Design Added Value Chapter 1: Introduction Relevance of Economics Architecture, Engineering, Construction (AEC) Value-Based Design (VBD): Combining Economics and AEC Chapter 2: Capital Projects and Building Assessment Capital Projects Evaluation in the AEC Sector Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Facility Performance Evaluation Building Feasibility Analysis Simulation-Based Evaluation Building Commissioning Current Challenges and Opportunities in the AEC Sector Performance Emphasis Stakeholder Savvy Integration of Design and Operations of Capital Projects BIM: The Emerging Digital Platform of Capital Project Delivery Digital Information Advances Exercise 1 Chapter 3: Fallingwater: A Celebrated Case of DAV Analysis In the Early Years Moisture Penetration Structural Problems A Retrospective Analysis VBD Features of Fallingwater and Their “Spin” and “Buzz” Stakeholders and the VBD Analysis of Fallingwater Fallingwater’s Costs and Benefits with Risk Benchmarking the Costs and Benefits of Fallingwater’s Design Features with Risk Exercise 2 Chapter 4: Value-Based Design Real-Estate Economics Qualitative Estimates of Investment Value Qualitative Estimates of Building Investment Value A Quantitative Example of Investment Value Qualitative Estimate of Value Added Investment Use Value Versus Exchange Value Pre Facto Versus Post Facto Analysis Exercise 3 Part II: DAV Analysis Methods Chapter 5: Cost–Benefit with Risk Analysis Cost–Benefit Analysis in the DAV Soft Costs Construction and Operating Costs Other Costs Benefits VBD Elicitation Methods Exercise 4 Chapter 6: Elicitation Methods Structured Interview Brainstorming Prototyping Cognitive Walkthrough Ethnographic Observation Exercise 5.1 Exercise 5.2 Chapter 7: Pre facto and Post facto Analysis Pre facto Analysis: (De-)value Engineering What Is Function? What Is Cost? A Summary Approach to Value Engineering in DAV Pre Facto Analysis: Carry-Over of Estimates from Precedents Post facto Analysis: Archival Documentation of Parameters Documenting the Features Documenting the Stakeholders Document Costs at Three Levels of Impact Document Benefit at Three Levels of Impact Exercise 6 Chapter 8: Quantitative DAV Analysis Methods Scaling Ordinal Values Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Risk Analysis Bayesian Probability Estimates Optimization with Graphics Methods Optimization by Methods of Calculus Optimization by Simplex Methods Exercise 7.1 Exercise 7.2 Exercise 7.3 Chapter 9: Expertise, Innovation, and Creativity in Support of DAV Innovation by eXtreme Design Creativity Early Stages of Design: Antonio Gaudi’s Work Frames of Reference in Puzzles: A View of Expertise in Creativity Breaking the Frame of Reference Exercise 8 Part III: DAV Analysis of Two Seminal Case Studies Chapter 10: The Swiss Re Tower: Analysis of a Seminal Case Project Parameters DAV Analysis of the Swiss Re Tower VBD Feature: Building Form Building Form: Cost–Benefit Analysis and Benchmarking VBD Feature: Diagrid Structural System Diagrid Structure: Cost–Benefit Analysis Economic Analysis of the Swiss Re Tower Exchange Value Use Value Aggregated DAV Evaluation Exercise 9 Chapter 11: The Commerzbank Tower: Analysis of Another Seminal Case Overview DAV Analysis Spin and Buzz Stakeholders DAV Feature Analysis of the Double-Skin Facade Risks Costs Benefits Benchmarking Benchmarking AHP Comparison of High-Rise Cladding DAV Feature: Steel Vierendeel Truss Structure System Risks Costs Benefits Benchmarking AHP Comparison of High-Rise Structure Impact Analysis Summary Exercise 10 Part IV: Selected Case Studies Chapter 12: John Hancock Tower, Boston, MA, USA Background Findings About the Plate Glass Breakage Problem Resolution of the Glass Breakage Problem Exercise 11 Chapter 13: Kansas City Hyatt Regency, Kansas City, MO, USA Background Configuration Findings Exercise 12 Chapter 14: Pruitt-Igoe, Saint Louis, MO, USA Idiosyncrasies of American Public Housing The Effort to Salvage Causes of Failure Physical Design Site Location Tenant Characteristics Management Practices Exercise 13 Chapter 15: Crystal Palace, London, UK Background Achievements of the Crystal Palace The End Exercise 14 Chapter 16: Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia A Brief History The Competition Submissions The Podium The Shell Epilogue Exercise 15 Chapter 17: Citicorp Tower, New York City, NY, USA Background The Structure Resolution Exercise 16 Appendix: Design-Added Value Methods Recommended for Analyzing Case Studies Bibliography Index