A Brief History of Pharmacy: Humanity’s Search for Wellness

Description

Pharmacy has become an integral part of our lives. Nearly half of all 300 million Americans take at least one prescription drug daily, accounting for $250 billion per year in sales in the US alone. And this number doesn't even include the over-the-counter medications or health aids that are taken. How did this practice become such an essential part of our lives and our health? A Brief History of Pharmacy: Humanity's Search for Wellness aims to answer that question. As this short overview of the practice shows, the search for well-being through the ingestion or application of natural products and artificially derived compounds is as old as humanity itself. From the Mesopotamians to the corner drug store, Bob Zebroski describes how treatments were sought, highlights some of the main victories of each time period, and shows how we came to be people who rely on drugs to feel better, to live longer, and look younger. This accessible survey of pharmaceutical history is essential reading for all students of pharmacy. A Brief History of Pharmacy - Front Cover ......Page 1 A Brief History of Pharmacy......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Figures......Page 10 Tables......Page 11 The Essentials of Pharmacy......Page 12 Cura Personalis or Treating the Whole Patient......Page 13 How to Use This Book......Page 14 Special Features of the Book......Page 15 Notes......Page 16 Chapter 1: Prehistoric Pharmacy: From Stones and Bones to Weeds and Seeds......Page 17 The Paleolithic Era......Page 19 Neolithic Age......Page 22 Notes......Page 24 The Ancient River Civilizations......Page 26 Ancient Mesopotamia......Page 27 Ancient Egypt......Page 32 Key Terms......Page 38 Notes......Page 39 Ancient India: Ayurvedic Pharmacy and Medicine......Page 41 The Caraka-Samhita......Page 44 Ancient China......Page 48 Chapter Summary......Page 55 Chapter in Review......Page 56 Notes......Page 57 Ancient Greece......Page 59 The Roman Era of Pharmacy and Medicine......Page 69 Key Terms......Page 73 Notes......Page 74 Saintly Pharmacy......Page 76 Medieval Pharmacy Splits into Two Traditions......Page 77 Monastic Medicine and Herb Gardens......Page 78 The Medical School at Salerno......Page 79 Trotula of Salerno and Women’s Health......Page 80 The Origins of the European Apothecary......Page 81 Medieval Drug Remedies......Page 82 Key Terms......Page 84 Notes......Page 85 The Birth of Alchemy......Page 87 The Handbook for the Apothecary Shop......Page 94 Chapter Summary......Page 95 Notes......Page 96 Chapter 7: Pharmacy During the European Renaissance and Early Modern Era......Page 98 Paracelsus......Page 99 Ambrose Pare......Page 102 Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne......Page 103 Jean Van Baptiste Van Helmont......Page 104 Rembert Dodoens......Page 105 Nicholas Culpeper......Page 106 Drugs From the New World......Page 108 From Apothecaire to Pharmacien: How Apothecaries Became Pharmacists......Page 110 The Pharmacy Lexicon in the United States......Page 111 Notes......Page 112 Chapter 8: Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Pharmacy: From Apothecary to Chemist to Pharmacist......Page 115 Apothecaries Advance Iatrochemistry......Page 116 Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner and the Discovery of Alkaloid Chemistry......Page 118 Chapter in Review......Page 121 Notes......Page 122 Chapter 9: Colonial and Early American Pharmacy......Page 123 Pharmacy in New Sweden and New Netherlands......Page 124 The Pilgrims and Puritans in New England......Page 125 Pharmacy in Philadelphia......Page 126 Pennsylvania Hospital, John Morgan, and the Birth of American Pharmacy......Page 128 Andrew Craigie: Apothecary General......Page 129 Hugh Mercer: American Revolution Apothecary and Hero......Page 130 Pharmacy During the American Revolution......Page 131 American Revolution Therapeutics and Medications......Page 133 Chapter Summary......Page 134 Notes......Page 135 The Birth of Alternative Medicine in America......Page 138 The Great American Medicine Show: Patent Medicines and Nostrums......Page 147 Patent Medicines That Became Today’s Soft Drinks......Page 150 Key Terms......Page 153 Notes......Page 154 The Rise of National Pharmacopoeias and the United States Pharmacopoeia......Page 157 The Origins of Pharmacy Education in the United States......Page 159 The Founding of the American Pharmaceutical Association......Page 161 Pharmacy Education......Page 164 The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy......Page 165 Commercial Pharmacy Organizations......Page 166 Chapter Summary......Page 168 Notes......Page 169 The Roots of Modern Pharmacy Education in Prussia......Page 171 Early British Pharmacy Education......Page 172 Pharmacy Education in the United States......Page 173 Early Pharmacy Handbooks and Texts......Page 174 Pharmacy Education Evolves......Page 177 Pharmacy Education after the Civil War......Page 178 Pharmacy Education in the Twentieth Century......Page 182 State Licensure......Page 184 The Pharmaceutical Survey 1946......Page 185 Pharmaceutical Care......Page 186 Chapter Summary......Page 188 Chapter in Review......Page 189 Notes......Page 190 Terra Sigillata: The First Trademark Drug......Page 192 Antoine Baume......Page 193 Stanislas Limousin: Pharmacy Inventor......Page 194 The Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States......Page 195 The Era of Biologicals......Page 198 The Emergence of Antibiotics......Page 200 Recent Trends......Page 201 Chapter Summary......Page 202 Notes......Page 203 Chapter 14: The Emergence of an American Institution: From the Corner Pharmacy to the Chain Drugstore, to the Big Box Department Store Pharmacy......Page 206 Pharmacy in the British North America......Page 207 The Golden Age of the American Drugstore......Page 210 The Invention of the Milkshake......Page 211 Price Cutting......Page 212 Chain Drugstores......Page 213 Chapter Summary......Page 216 Notes......Page 217 The Drug Importation Act of 1848......Page 219 Biologics Control Act of 1902......Page 220 The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906......Page 221 The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914......Page 224 The Volstead Act of 1922 (Prohibition) 18th Amendment......Page 225 The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938......Page 226 The Durham–Humphrey Amendment of 1951......Page 228 Impact of the Durham–Humphrey Amendment on Pharmacy Practice......Page 229 The Kefauver–Harris Drug Amendments of 1962......Page 230 Title XVIII Social Security Act of 1965 (Medicare Parts A & B) and Title XIX Social Security Act of 1965 (Medicaid)......Page 232 The 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act......Page 233 The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act 2003......Page 234 Chapter Summary......Page 235 Chapter in Review......Page 236 Notes......Page 237 The Earliest Calls for Clinical Pharmacy......Page 240 Pharmaceutical Care......Page 247 Key Terms......Page 248 Notes......Page 249 Index......Page 251