Fluid Mechanics for Cardiovascular Engineering: A Primer

Description

This book provides a guiding thread between the distant fields of fluid mechanics and clinical cardiology. Well rooted in the science of fluid dynamics, it drives the reader across progressively more realistic scenarios up to the complexity of routine medical applications. Based on the author’s 25 years of collaborations with cardiologists, it helps engineers learn communicating with clinicians, yet maintaining the rigor of scientific disciplines. This book starts with a description of the fundamental elements of fluid dynamics in large blood vessels. This is achieved by introducing a rigorous physical background accompanied by examples applied to the circulation, and by presenting classic and recent results related to the application of fluid dynamics to the cardiovascular physiology. It then explores more advanced topics for a physics-based understanding of phenomena effectively encountered in clinical cardiology. It stands as an ideal learning resource for physicists and engineers working in cardiovascular fluid dynamics, industry engineers working on biomedical/cardiovascular technology, and students in bio-fluid dynamics. Written with a concise style, this textbook is accessible to a broad readership, including students, physical scientists and engineers, offering an entry point into this multi-disciplinary field. It includes key concepts exemplified by illustrations using cutting-edge imaging, references to modelling and measurement technologies, and includes unique original insights. Preface Contents Part I Introductory Elements 1 Basic Concepts 1.1 Mechanics and Continuum 1.2 Fluids and Solids 1.3 Overview of Bio-Flow Domains 1.4 Dimensional Analysis 2 Fluid Statics 2.1 Pressure Distribution 2.2 Forces on Plane Surfaces 2.3 Forces on Curved Surfaces 3 Fluid Kinematics 3.1 Recalls of Differential Vector Calculus 3.2 The Gauss Theorem in Integral Calculus 3.3 Breaking Down Elementary Motion 3.4 Lagrangian and Eulerian Description Part II Fluid Dynamics: Conservation Laws 4 Conservation of Mass 4.1 Mass Balance in Integral Form 4.2 Mass Balance for a Vessel 4.3 Mass Balance in Differential Form 5 Conservation of Momentum 5.1 Momentum Balance in Integral Form 5.2 Momentum Balance for a Vessel 5.3 Momentum Balance in Differential Form for a Continuum: Cauchy Equation 5.4 Momentum Balance for Newtonian Fluids: Navier–Stokes Equations 6 Conservation of Energy (Bernoulli Balance) 6.1 Equation for Conservation of Mechanical Energy 6.2 Bernoulli Energy Balance 6.3 Bernoulli Balance with Dissipation: Localized Energy Losses Part III Fundamentals for Mostly Unidirectional Flow 7 Unidirectional Flow in Rectilinear Vessels 7.1 Boundary Layer 7.2 Steady Uniform Planar Flows 7.3 Steady Uniform Flow in a Circular Vessel (Poiseuille Flow) 7.4 Oscillatory and Pulsatile Uniform Flow in a Circular Vessel 8 Elements of Turbulent Flow 8.1 Introduction to Turbulence 8.2 Average Fields and Reynolds Equations 8.3 Turbulent Flow Over a Wall 8.4 Phase-Average and Steady Streaming 9 Quasi-Unidirectional Flow in Large Vessels 9.1 Mass Balance in Tapering and Branching Arteries 9.2 Flow in Curved Vessels 9.3 Flow in Elastic Vessels 9.4 Impulse Propagation at a Bifurcation 9.5 Collapsible Vessels Part IV Advanced Analysis of Separated Flow 10 Vorticity and Boundary Layer Separation 10.1 Vorticity and Irrotational Flow 10.2 Vorticity Equation 10.3 Boundary Layer Separation and Vortex Formation 10.4 Three-Dimensional Vortices 10.5 Vortex Interactions with Other Vortices and with Walls 10.6 A Further Account to Turbulence 11 Separated Flow in Large Arteries 11.1 Arteriosclerosis and Boundary Layer Separation 11.2 Stenosis 11.3 Aneurism 12 Cardiac Mechanics I: Fluid Dynamics in the Cardiac Chambers 12.1 Cardiac Electro-Mechanical Cycle 12.2 Fluid Dynamics Inside the Left Ventricle with a Mention to the Other Chambers 12.3 Evaluation of LV Fluid Dynamics 12.4 Fluid Dynamics in Cardiac Pathology 13 Cardiac Mechanics II: Heart Valves 13.1 Cardiac Valves 13.2 Aortic Valve 13.3 Pathologies of the Aortic Valve 13.4 Mitral Valve 13.5 Pathologies of the Mitral Valve 13.6 A Mention to Congenital Cardiac Disease References