Codes of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines: Emerging Technologies, Changing Fields

Description

This book investigates how ethics generally precedes legal regulation, and looks at how changes in codes of ethics represent an unparalleled window into the research, innovation, and emerging technologies they seek to regulate. It provides case studies from the fields of engineering, science, medicine and social science showing how professional codes of ethics often predate regulation and help shape the ethical use of emerging technologies and professional practice. Changes in professional ethics are the crystallization of ongoing conversation in scientific and professional fields about how justice, privacy, safety and human rights should be realized in practice where the law is currently silent. This book is a significant addition to this area of practical and professional ethics and is of particular interest to practitioners, scholars, and students interested in the areas of practical and applied ethics. Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Societal Roles of Ethics Codes 1.1 Roles of Ethics Codes and Ethical Guidelines and Why They Are Important 1.2 Ethics Codes Collection: An Introduction 1.3 Ethics Codes as Sources for Research into the Professions 1.4 Ethics Codes and Emerging Technologies 1.5 About This Collected Volume References Part I: Past, Present, and Future: The Role of Ethics Codes and Guidelines in Changing Fields References Chapter 2: Research Ethics Guidelines for the Engineering Sciences and Computer and Information Sciences 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Need for Research Ethics for Nonmedical Fields 2.3 Guidelines for the Engineering Sciences 2.4 Guidelines for the Computer and Information Sciences 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Codes of Engineering Ethics: Recent Trends 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Clarification 3.3 Globalization 3.4 Sustainability 3.5 Short Versus Long 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Informed Consent in Digital Data Management 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Role of Ethics Codes and Guidelines in Process 4.3 Ethics Codes and Guidelines in Digital Data Management 4.4 Models of Practice: Informed Consent 4.5 Study Methodology 4.6 Overview – Appearance of Informed Consent-Related Standards in Ethics Codes and Guidelines 4.7 A Closer View on Informed Consent-Related Standards in Ethics Codes and Guidelines 4.7.1 Gatekeeper Function 4.7.2 Transparency 4.7.3 Consumer Control 4.7.4 Type and Amount of Data Collected 4.7.5 Data Sharing 4.8 Discussion 4.9 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Codes of Ethics and Research Integrity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Research Integrity vs Research Ethics 5.3 Research Integrity and Codes of Ethics 5.4 Changes in Research Integrity Concepts 5.5 Recommendations to Professional Organizations 5.6 Conclusion References Part II: Ethics Codes, Emerging Technologies, and International Viewpoints References Chapter 6: The Significance of Professional Codes and Ethical Guidelines in Difficult Clinical Situations 6.1 Background and Introduction 6.2 Normative Framework 6.2.1 Law 6.2.2 Soft Law and Guidelines 6.2.3 Codes 6.3 Application to Difficult Clinical Situations 6.3.1 The Example of CPR: Regulation and Orientation through Law, Ethical and Medical Guidelines 6.3.2 The Development from a Clinical Ethics Policy to a Hospital Directive 6.4 Discussion and Outlook 6.5 Points to Consider References Chapter 7: Global AI Ethics Documents: What They Reveal About Motivations, Practices, and Policies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The New AI Spring and the Codification of AI Ethics 7.3 A Review of Research Studies on AI Ethics Documents 7.3.1 Consensus on Ethical Topics 7.3.2 Representation and Power 7.3.3 Principles to Practice 7.4 Building on the AI Ethics Literature 7.5 A Typology of Motivations 7.5.1 Motivations One and Two: Goals 7.5.2 Motivations Three and Four: Strategies 7.5.3 Motivations Five and Six: Signaling 7.6 Efficacy 7.7 Lessons from CRISPR 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Addressing Intelligent Systems and Ethical Design in the IEEE Code of Ethics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background and Motivation for Changes 8.3 Process 8.4 Specific Changes 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Technocracy, Public Optimism, and National Progress: Constructing Ethical Guidelines for Responsible Nano Research and Development in China 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Technocracy 9.3 Public Optimism 9.4 National Progress 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: The Historical Process and Challenges of Medical Ethics Codes in China 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ethical Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research 10.2.1 Debate on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research (Background of Guidelines) 10.2.2 Development of Ethical Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research 10.2.3 Problems with and Suggestions for the Ethical Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem-Cell Research (Guidelines) 10.3 Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Beings 10.3.1 Background of Measures (Trial Implementation) 10.3.2 Problems with the Measures (Trial Implementation) and Amendment to It 10.3.3 Characteristics of and Prospects for the Measures 10.4 Conclusion References Part III: Introduction: New Approaches to Ethics Codes: Changing Purposes, Differing Views Chapter 11: Mentions of Ethics Codes in Social Media: A Twitter Analysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods: Data Collection and Processing 11.3 Results 11.3.1 Tweets Collected 11.3.2 User Characterization 11.3.2.1 Most Influential Users 11.3.2.2 Most Active Users 11.3.2.3 Most Mentioned Users 11.3.3 Spikes of Tweets Containing “Code of Ethics” 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: The Technology’s Fine; It’s the Code of Professional Ethics That Needs Changing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sexbots 12.3 Codes of Professional Ethics’ Development and Challenges 12.4 Moral Psychology: How Is Morality Possible? 12.5 A Pragmatic Professional Code of Ethics 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: On Leaving and Receiving Traces: Thoughts on an Un-professional Code of Ethics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Echo Canyon 13.3 Trailhead: South Kaibab 13.4 The Chisos Mountains 13.5 The Emma Dean 13.6 The Garden 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: The Responsibility of Researchers and Engineers: Codes of Ethics for Emerging Technologies 14.1 Codes of Ethics: Solution to What Problem? 14.2 Responsibility in the Governance of Technology 14.3 The Empirical Dimension of Responsibility in Engineering 14.4 The Specific Responsibility of Engineers and Researchers 14.5 Codes of Ethics 14.6 Codes of Ethics in Context 14.6.1 Codes of Ethics Versus Regulation 14.6.2 Codes of Ethics in Global Context References