Microbial Beta Glucanases: Molecular Structure, Functions and Applications

Description

This book offers an overview of the current knowledge on beta glucanase enzymes derived from actinobacterial source, their structure, functions and industrial applications. It summarizes the exploitation of actinomycetes, assay methods for beta glucanase screening, structural characterisation, genetic engineering, protein engineering, strategies for purification, characterisation and finally how to synthesize a hybrid enzyme of beta glucanases.Enzyme beta glucanases have considerable interest in industrial biotechnology owing to its distinct effect on the hydrolysis of insoluble beta glucan molecules and applications in particular industrial sectors such as food, feed and beverages industries. The beta glucanases are characterized extensively in microorganisms viz. bacteria, fungi and also in plants. A wide varieties of actinobacterial β- glucanases have exclusively active on β-glucan substrates and cleave the mixed linkage β-glucan chains at different points. This is significant for picking precise substrates for the assay of each type of enzymes within this enzyme groups. The well recognized specificity and mechanism of action within the enormous substrates allow to understand that most of them are varied from cellulases, excluding β-1,4-glucanases. The progress in genetic and protein engineering in actinobacterial beta glucanases improves the stability, activity and thermodynamic properties in relation with industrial relevance. This book will be useful for researchers and students engaged in industrial biotechnology, enzyme production, molecular biology, protein engineering and many more. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: Beta-Glucanases: An Introduction, Marketing Dynamics and Industrial Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Beta-Glucanases 1.3 Biotechnological Applications of Beta-Glucanase 1.3.1 Beta-Glucanase in Brewing Industry 1.3.2 Animal Feed Enzyme Industry 1.3.3 Wine Production 1.3.4 Biocontrol Activity 1.3.5 β-Glucanase in Protoplast Preparation 1.3.6 Germination Enhancement by Beta-Glucanases 1.4 Beta-Glucanases: Market Dynamics References Chapter 2: Structure and Classification of Beta-Glucanases 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Beta-Glucanases Are Glycosyl Hydrolases (GHs) 2.3 Catalytic Mechanism 2.4 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules (CBMs) 2.5 Linkers 2.6 Classification of Beta-Glucanase 2.6.1 Endo-β-1,3-Glucanase 2.6.2 Exo-Beta-1,4-Glucanase References Chapter 3: Beta-Glucanase: Diverse Bacterial Sources and its Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Diverse Bacterial Sources 3.3 Applications References Chapter 4: Beta-Glucanases: Sources and Production from Fungi 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Glucanases 4.3 Glucanases in Multicellular Fungi 4.3.1 Role of Fungal Glucanases 4.3.1.1 Fungal β-1,3-Glucanases 4.3.1.1.1 Provide Nutrition 4.3.1.1.2 Morphogenesis and Conidial Germination 4.3.1.1.3 As Biocontrol Agent 4.3.1.1.4 Establishing Infection 4.3.1.1.5 Establishing Endophytes 4.3.1.1.6 Elicitors of Plant Defence Mechanism 4.3.1.2 β-D-1,6-Glucanases 4.3.1.2.1 Role in Establishing Endophytes 4.3.1.2.2 Role in Disease Prevention 4.3.1.3 Endo-(14)-β-Glucanases 4.3.1.4 Alpha-1,3-Glucanase 4.3.1.4.1 Role in Growth and Development 4.3.1.4.2 Role in Establishing Infection 4.3.2 Production of Fungal Glucanases 4.3.2.1 Selection of Suitable Organism 4.3.2.2 Selection of Suitable Substrate 4.3.2.3 Isolation, Purification and Characterization of the Enzyme 4.3.3 Applications of Glucanases 4.3.3.1 Application in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 4.3.3.2 Application in the Brewing Industry 4.4 Glucanases of Yeast 4.4.1 Role of Yeast Glucanases 4.4.1.1 Role of Yeast Glucanases in Establishing Infection 4.4.1.2 Role of Yeast Glucanases as a Biocontrol Agent 4.4.1.3 Role in Maintaining Turgor Pressure During Growth of Yeast 4.4.2 Production of Yeast Glucanases 4.5 Glucanases of Mushroom 4.5.1 Role of Mushroom Glucanases 4.5.1.1 Role of Mushroom Glucanases in Autolysis of Fruit Body 4.5.1.2 Role of Mushroom Glucanases as a Biocontrol Agent 4.5.1.3 Role of Mushroom Glucanases as an Antioxidant Agent 4.5.2 Production of Mushroom Glucanases 4.5.3 Applications of Mushroom Glucanases in Traditional Therapies 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Beta-Glucanases in Animal Nutrition 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Role of Beta-Glucans in Animal Immunity 5.3 Beta-Glucans in Animal Diets 5.4 Solubilisation and Viscosity of Beta-Glucans 5.5 Major Actions of Feed Enzymes in Animal Feeds 5.6 Role of Beta-Glucanases in Animal Feeds References Chapter 6: Beta-Glucanase in Breweries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Barley Beta-Glucan [(1,3) (1,4)-β-D-Glucans] 6.3 Endogenous Barley Beta-Glucanase 6.4 Beta-Glucan Degradation During Malting 6.5 Beta-Glucan Degradation During Mashing 6.6 Microbial Beta-Glucanases in Breweries References Chapter 7: Applications of Microbial Beta-Glucanase in Crop Improvement Under Biotic and Abiotic Stress 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Isolation of Microbial Having Enzyme β-1,3-Glucanase Activity 7.3 Various Types of Beta-Glucanase Produced by Microbes 7.4 Effect of Microbial Beta-Glucanase on Embryogenesis, Seed Germination, and Dormancy 7.5 Effect of Microbial Beta-Glucanase in Cell Division 7.6 Effect of Microbial Beta-Glucanase in Defense Against Pathogen 7.7 Effect of Microbial Beta-Glucanase in Defense in Cold Stress Tolerance in Plant 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Exploitation of Actinobacteria for Beta-Glucanolytic Enzymes-Screening and Characterization 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Actinobacterial Genus Streptomyces 8.2.1 Streptomyces: Developmental Cycle 8.2.2 Streptomyces: A Source of Industrial Enzymes 8.2.3 Streptomyces: As a Source of β-Glucanases 8.3 Isolation and Screening of β-Glucanase-Producing Actinomycetes Strains 8.4 Identification of Beta-Glucanase-Producing Actinomycetes Strains: A Polyphasic Approach 8.5 The Western Ghats in Kerala: Look for Glucanolytic Streptomyces spp. References Chapter 9: Structural Characterization of Beta-Glucanase from Actinobacteria 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beta-Glucanases from Streptomyces 9.3 Beta-Glucanase Encoding Gene Isolation 9.4 Sequence Analysis of Beta-Glucanase Genes 9.5 In Silico Prediction of Physicochemical Parameters and Secondary Structures 9.6 Three-Dimensional Structure Prediction 9.7 Molecular Docking References Chapter 10: Application of Codon Optimization and Recombinant Expression of Beta-Glucanases 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Strategies for Heterologous Production 10.3 Codon Optimization for Recombinant Expression 10.4 Codon Optimization and Overexpression of Beta-Glucanase Genes in E. coli References Chapter 11: Industrial Production and Purification of Recombinant Beta-Glucanases 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Industrial Production Beta-Glucanases 11.3 Recovery and Purification of Beta-Glucanases 11.4 Production of Recombinant Beta-Glucanases 11.5 Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Beta-Glucanases 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Biotechnological Avenues in Hybrid Beta-Glucanases 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Role of Protein Engineering in Hybrid Enzyme Production 12.3 Methods for the Creation of Hybrid Enzymes 12.4 Beta-Glucanase Hybrid Enzymes: Multifunctionality References