Human-Automation Interaction Design: Developing a Vehicle Automation Assistant

Description

This text presents a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing, and testing. It further provides experimental data on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. The book explores the role of communication and the nature of situation awareness in automated vehicles to ensure safe and usable automated vehicle operation. It covers the issue of interaction in automated vehicles by providing insight into communicative concepts, the transfer of control in human-teams, and how these concepts can be applied in automated vehicles. The theoretical framework is built on by presenting experimental findings, design workshop output and providing a demonstration of prototype generation for automated assistants that addresses a wide range of performance outcomes within human-machine interaction. Aimed at professionals, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of ergonomics, automotive engineering, transportation engineering, and human factors, this text: Discusses experimental findings on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. Provides a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing and testing. Explores the role of distributed situation awareness in automated vehicles. Covers communication and system awareness in response to multiple complex road scenarios. Provides design guidelines for automation-human handover design. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgements Authors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Research Motivation 1.3 Research Outcomes and Hypotheses 1.3.1 Research Outcomes 1.3.2 Research Hypotheses 1.4 Book Structure 1.4.1 Chapter 1—Overview of Book 1.4.2 Chapter 2—Automated Vehicles as a Copilot: Setting the Scene for Effective Human–Automation Collaboration 1.4.3 Chapter 3—Cognitive Work Analysis to Improve Communication in AV Interactions 1.4.4 Chapter 4—Review of Handover Tools and Techniques in High-Risk Shift-Work Domains 1.4.5 Chapter 5—Replicating Human–Human Communication in a Vehicle: A Simulation Study 1.4.6 Chapter 6—Directability and Eye-Gaze: Exploring Interactions between Vocal Cues and the Use of Visual Displays 1.4.7 Chapter 7—Participatory Workshops for Designing Interactions in Automated Vehicles 1.4.8 Chapter 8—Designing Automated Vehicle Interactions Using Design with Intent 1.4.9 Chapter 9—Validation and Testing of Final Interaction Design Concepts for Automated Vehicles 1.4.10 Chapter 10—Conclusions 1.5 Contribution of Knowledge 1.6 Future Directions Section I Scoping the Issues and Solutions that Other Domains Face with Task Continuity Chapter 2 Vehicle Automation as a Copilot: Setting the Scene for Effective Human–Automation Collaboration 2.1 Levels of Automation and the Handover 2.2 Emergent Issues in Level 3 and 4 Automation 2.3 Current State of Handover Assistants 2.4 Communication during Automated Driving 2.5 Distributed Situation Awareness 2.6 Joint Activity 2.7 Summarizing Theories 2.8 Future Directions Chapter 3 Cognitive Work Analysis to Improve Communication in AV Interactions 3.1 What Is Cognitive Work Analysis? 3.1.1 Work Domain Analysis 3.1.2 Contextual Activity Template 3.1.3 Social and Organization Cooperation Analysis 3.2 Development of Analysis 3.2.1 Participants 3.2.2 Abstraction Hierarchy 3.2.3 Identifying Physical Components 3.2.4 Identifying Purposes and Functions 3.2.5 Contextual Activity Template/Social and Organization Cooperation Analysis 3.2.6 Development of Analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Work Domain Analysis 3.3.2 Vocal and Audio Communication 3.3.3 Physical Inputs 3.3.4 Contextual Activity Template 3.3.5 Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Future Directions Chapter 4 Review of Handover Tools and Techniques in High-Risk Shift-Work Domains 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The Handover of Control and Responsibility 4.1.2 Applying Distributed Situation Awareness to the Handover Task 4.1.3 Purpose of the Review 4.2 Method 4.2.1 Search Methods and Source Selection 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Overview of Handover Tools/Techniques 4.3.2 Standardizing Handover Protocol 4.3.3 Vocal Communication, Face-to-Face and Bidirectional Exchange of Information (HTTs 2, 5, and 7) 4.3.4 Use of Past Information 4.3.5 Training Programs 4.3.6 Use of Technology 4.3.7 Adaptation of Task or Setting 4.3.8 Compatible Mental Model 4.3.9 Preparation 4.3.10 A Contextual Handover 4.3.11 Other Handover Tools and Techniques (HTTs 12–19) 4.3.12 HTTs and the DSA Guidelines 4.4 Conclusion 4.4.1 Future Directions Section II Pilot Testing These Concepts in Automated Driving Chapter 5 Replicating Human–Human Communication in a Vehicle: A Simulation Study 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Applying Human Communication Theory to Human–Machine Handover 5.1.2 Current Study, Aims, and Hypotheses 5.2 Method 5.2.1 Participants 5.2.2 Experimental Conditions 5.2.3 Design 5.2.4 Apparatus 5.2.5 Procedure 5.2.6 Method of Analysis 5.3 Results 5.3.1 ‘Free-Form’ Conditions 5.3.2 Use of Open Questioning 5.3.3 NASA-TLX, SUS, and SAS 5.3.4 Change in Speed following Handover 5.3.5 Lateral Velocity following Handover 5.3.6 Qualitative Feedback 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusions 5.5.1 Future Directions Chapter 6 Directability and Eye-Gaze: Exploring Interactions between Vocal Cues and the Use of Visual Displays 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Visual Gaze and Automated Driving 6.2 Method 6.2.1 Participants 6.2.2 Design 6.2.3 Apparatus 6.2.4 Procedure 6.2.5 Method of Analysis 6.3 Results 6.3.1 Handover Process Visual Gaze Durations 6.3.2 Demographics and Behavioral Factors 6.3.3 Post-Handover (Manual Driving) Visual Gaze Durations 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Conclusions 6.4.2 Future Directions Section III Designing New Interfaces and Interactions for Automated Vehicle Communication Chapter 7 Participatory Workshops for Designing Interactions in Automated Vehicles 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Driver Skill in C/HAVs 7.1.2 Current Study and Research Questions 7.2 Method 7.2.1 Participants 7.2.2 Design 7.2.3 Procedure 7.2.4 Method of Analysis 7.3 Results 7.3.1 Learner Handover Design 7.3.2 Intermediate Handover Design 7.3.3 Advanced Handover Design 7.3.4 Handback Designs 7.4 Discussion 7.4.1 Comparison of Groups’ Handover Designs 7.4.2 Changes When Shorter Time Out of the Loop 7.4.3 Comparison of Groups’ Handback Designs 7.4.4 Relevance to DSA and JA 7.4.5 Limitations 7.4.6 Conclusion 7.4.7 Future Directions Chapter 8 Designing Automated Vehicle Interactions Using Design with Intent 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Introduction to Design with Intent 8.1.2 Design with Intent for In-Vehicle Interface Design 8.1.3 Current Application 8.2 Method 8.2.1 Participants 8.2.2 Design 8.2.3 Materials 8.2.4 Procedure 8.2.5 Method of Analysis 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Themes Generated during Divergent Stage 8.3.2 Solution Generated for Convergent Stage 8.4 Discussion 8.4.1 Overview of Findings 8.4.2 Applications to Future AVs 8.4.3 Relevance to DSA and JA 8.4.4 DwI and the Future 8.4.5 Conclusion 8.4.6 Future Directions Section IV Testing and Validating a Novel Prototype Chapter 9 Validation and Testing of Final Interaction Design Concepts for Automated Vehicles 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Summary of Automation Assistants 9.1.2 Summary of the Design Process 9.1.3 Overview of Final Handover Assistant Design 9.1.4 The Development of Steeri 9.2 Method 9.2.1 Participants 9.2.2 Experimental Conditions 9.2.3 Design 9.2.4 Apparatus 9.2.5 Procedure 9.2.6 Method of Analysis 9.3 Results 9.3.1 Vehicle Control Measures 9.3.2 Subjective Measures 9.4 Discussion 9.4.1 Overview of Findings 9.4.2 Relevance to Theory 9.4.3 Relevance to CWA 9.4.4 Relevance to Human–Human Strategies 9.4.5 Limitations 9.4.6 Conclusion Chapter 10 Conclusions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Summary of Findings 10.2.1 Research Outcomes 10.3 Evaluation of the Research Approach 10.4 Implications of Research 10.4.1 Notable Practical Contributions 10.4.2 Notable Theoretical Contributions 10.4.3 Notable Methodological Contributions 10.5 Future Work 10.5.1 The Balance of Priority and Supplementary Situation Awareness Information 10.5.2 Vocal Communication in Real-World Settings 10.5.3 Validation of Concept On-Road 10.5.4 A Thorough Investigation into How AV Interaction Differs between Nations 10.5.5 A Thorough Investigation into Demographic Variables 10.5.6 The Role of Gender in Virtual Assistants 10.5.7 C/HAV Interaction for Driver Training and Testing 10.5.8 The Standardization of AV Technology 10.5.9 Applying Concepts to Other Domains 10.5.10 Closing Remarks Appendix A Cue Cards for Vocal Procedure—Chapter 5 Appendix B HUD Slides for Final Design Solution List of References Index