Ultracondensed Matter by Dynamic Compression

Description

Dynamic compression is an experimental technique with interdisciplinary uses, ranging from enabling the creation of ultracondensed matter under previously impossible conditions to understanding the likely cause of unusual planetary magnetic fields. Readers can now gain an intuitive understanding of dynamic compression; clear and authoritative chapters examine its history and experimental method, as well as key topics including dynamic compression of liquid hydrogen, rare gas fluids and shock-induced opacity. Through an up-to-date history of dynamic compression research, Nellis also clearly shows how dynamic compression addresses and will continue to address major unanswered questions across the scientific disciplines. The past and future role of dynamic compression in studying and making materials at extreme conditions of pressure, density and temperature is made clear, and the means of doing so are explained in practical language perfectly suited for researchers and graduate students alike. Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 1.1 Beyond Shock Compression: Tunable Thermodynamics 1.2 Cold, Warm and Hot Matter 1.3 Experimental Timescales 1.4 Thermal Equilibrium 1.5 Recent Accomplishments 1.6 Bibliography 2 Basics of Dynamic Compression 2.1 Shock Compression 2.2 Quasi-Isentropic Multiple-Shock Compression 3 Generation of Dynamic Pressures 3.1 Two-Stage Light-Gas Gun 3.2 Mass Acceleration by Pulsed Power: Z Accelerator 3.3 Giant Pulsed Lasers 3.4 Quasi-Isentropic Cylindrical and Spherical Compressions 3.5 Static Compression: Diamond Anvil Cell 4 Brief History of High-Pressure Research: 1643 to 1968 4.1 Evangelista Torricelli: 1643 4.2 Blaise Pascal: Experimental Verification 4.3 Ideal-Gas Equation of State: 1660 to 1848 4.4 Theoretical Concept of a Shock Wave: 1848 to 1910 4.5 In the Beginning: Early 1940s 4.6 Experimental Development of Supersonic Hydrodynamics: 1940s to 1956 4.7 P. W. Bridgman’s Contributions to Dynamic Compression: 1956 to 1961 4.8 Altshuler: The 1960s 4.9 A New Beginning 5 Rare Gas Fluids 5.1 Single-Shock Compression 5.2 Quasi-Isentropic Compression in Converging Cylindrical Geometry 5.3 Multiple-Shock Compression 6 Metallization of Fluid Hydrogen at 140 GPa 6.1 A Little History 6.2 What to Try? 6.3 Dynamic Compression of Liquid Hydrogen 6.4 Metallic Fluid H in a Diamond Anvil Cell 6.5 Metallic Solid H in a Diamond Anvil Cell 6.6 Dynamic Compression of Hydrogen: Z Accelerator 7 Unusual Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune: Metallic Fluid H 7.1 Chemical Compositions and Properties of Uranus and Neptune 7.2 Voyager 2’s Uranus and Neptune 7.3 Dynamic Compression Experiments on Planetary Fluids 7.4 Interiors of Uranus and Neptune 7.5 Earth’s Magnetic Field 7.6 Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune 7.7 Conclusions 8 Shock-Induced Opacity in Transparent Crystals 9 Metastable Solid Metallic Hydrogen (MSMH) 10 Warm Dense Matter at Shock Pressures up to 20 TPa (200 Mbar) 10.1 Analysis of Published Hugoniot Data from 0.3 to 20 TPa 10.2 Measured and Calculated Optical Reflectivities of GGG above 0.4 TPa 10.3 Universal State of Ultracondensed Matter and WDM: Atomic Fluids with MMC 10.4 Warm Dense Matter Analogue of Asymptotic Freedom of High Energy Physics References Index