Berquist, T: MRI of the Musculoskeletal System

Description

Update your understanding of musculoskeletal imaging techniques and their applications, while sharpening your interpretive skills. MRI of the Musculoskeletal System, Sixth Edition , delivers comprehensive, abundantly illustrated coverage of all aspects of MR musculoskeletal imaging&;beginning with basic principles of interpretation, physics, and terminology&;before moving through a systematic presentation of disease states in each body region. The text includes vital information on the latest technologies, contrast agents, patient sedation, and visual interpretation of results. Continuing in the tradition of prior editions, MRI of the Musculoskeletal System covers state-of-the-art techniques, expanded applications, advances in MR arthrography, and other evolving modalities. Readers will discover how to select appropriate imaging techniques and use MRI to evaluate specific clinical problems in each anatomic region. NEW to the Sixth Edition&; &; Over 3,000 high-quality images , including new anatomic drawings and images, help improve results and hone interpretive skills. &; Full-color images and design throughout provides unmatched visual clarity in a format that improves comprehension and recall. &; New pulse sequences and artifacts improve diagnostic accuracy. &; Updated references highlight recently published articles and studies. &; FREE access to a companion web site features full text as well as an interactive anatomy quiz with matching labels of over 300 images. A great way to test your knowledge! Widely respected for its clarity, simplicity, and completeness, this masterful learning text is ideal for students, residents, or the clinician seeking to keep pace with advances in the field. Cover Contents vii Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Laura W . Bancroft, MD Thomas H. Berquist, MD Daniel F . Broderick, MD Mark S . Collins, MD Richard L. Ehman, MD J oel P . F elmlee, PhD Mark J . Kransdorf, MD Richard L. Morin, PhD W illiam A. Murphy, Jr., MD J effrey J . P eterson, MD Robert A. P ooley, PhD J ames B . V ogler III, MD xiii 1Basic Principles and T erminology of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Robert A. P ooley • Joel P . F elmlee • Richard L. Morin THE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE EXPERIMENT THE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PULSE SEQUENCES MOTION EFFECTS FLOW AND MOTION COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES ANGIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES F AST SCANNING TECHNIQUES P ARALLEL IMAGING TECHNIQUES CHEMICAL SHIFT IMAGING TECHNIQUES MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARTIFACTS RF COILS RECEIVER COIL INTENSITY/UNIFORMITY CORRECTION 3T AND 1.5T A CQUISITIONS PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Biological Effects SAFETY OPERATIONAL ASPECTS SITING REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY REFERENCES APPENDIX 2Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Images Mark S . Collins • Richard L. Ehman B ASIC IMAGE INTERPRETATION TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION SIGNIFICANCE OF TISSUE RELAXATION TIMES RELAXATION TIMES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUES EFFECT OF P A THOLOGY ON TISSUE RELAXATION TIMES Inflammation Neoplasms Fibrosis F atty Infiltration Hematoma O THER PHENOMENA THAT AFFECT TISSUE RELAXATION TIMES INFLUENCE OF RELAXATION TIMES AND PULSE SEQUENCE P ARAMETERS ON CONTR T1- AND T2-WEIGHTED SEQUENCES CONTRAST IN GRADIENT-ECHO SEQUENCES APPROACH FOR SELECTING MRI TECHNIQUES CONTRAST PROVIDED BY O THER MRI SEQUENCES MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES APPEARANCE OF V ASCULAR STRUCTURES IN MRI REFERENCES 3General T echnical Considerations in Musculoskeletal MRI P A TIENT SELECTION P A TIENT SCREENING: SAFETY ISSUES MR Safe MR Conditional MR Unsafe P A TIENT MONITORING AND SEDATION P A TIENT POSITIONING AND COIL SELECTION PULSE SEQUENCES AND SLICE SELECTION Gadolinium Intravenous Injections Intra-articular Gadolinium Adverse Reactions to Gadolinium eGFR = 30–60 eGFR > 60 MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY Miscellaneous P arameters COMMON ARTIFACTS Motion Artifacts Chemical Shift Saturation Artifact Aliasing Artifacts T runcation Artifacts Nonuniform F at Suppression RELAXATION TIMES/SPECTROSCOPY REFERENCES 4The T emporomandibular J oint INTRODUCTION ANATOMY IMAGING TECHNIQUES IMAGE PLANES AND PULSE SEQUENCES CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING INTERNAL DERANGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS PITFALLS REFERENCES 5Spine Daniel F . Broderick • T homas H. Berquist TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS NORMAL ANATOMY Spinal Column Intervertebral Discs Spinal Ligaments Spinal Cord and Nerves Dural Coverings V ascular EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE MAGNETIC RESONANCE CONTRAST A GENTS P A THOLOGIC CONDITIONS Degenerative Disease Disc Disease (Nonsurgical) Annular Degeneration V ertebral Body Marrow Changes Disc Disease (Surgical) Herniated Disc Spinal Stenosis Synovial Cyst P ostoperative Evaluation Neoplasms Musculoskeletal T umors and T umor-like Lesions Intradural Extramedullary and Intramedullary T umors Intradural Extramedullary Lesions Intramedullary Lesions Inflammatory Conditions Spondyloarthropathies Spinal Infections Pyogenic Discitis Paraspinal or Epidural Abscess T uberculous Spondylitis Spinal Cord Infection or Inflammation T ransverse Myelitis Radiation Myelitis Demyelinating Disease T r auma Osteoporotic Compression Fractures and P ercutaneous Intervention REFERENCES INTRODUCTION P elvis and Sacroiliac J oints Hips Magnetic Resonance Arthrography Thighs ANATOMY Osseous Anatomy Muscular Anatomy NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES PITFALLS APPLICATIONS Marrow Edema Osteonecrosis Rapidly Destructive Hip Disease Bone Marrow Edema P attern T r ansient Osteoporosis of the Hip T r auma Osseous T rauma Soft T issue T r auma Muscle/Tendon Injuries Piriformis Syndrome Greater T rochanteric Pain Syndrome Bursitis Snapping Hip Acetabular Labral T ears Articular Cartilage Lesions P aralabral Cysts F emoroacetabular Impingement Ischiofemoral Impingement Neoplasms Soft T issue Masses Osseous Neoplasms Arthropathies Infection Hip Arthroplasty PEDIATRIC DISORDERS T echnique Anatomy Legg-Calv é-Perthes Disease Developmental Hip Dysplasia Slipped Capital F emoral Epiphysis Rotational Deformities REFERENCES 7Knee INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES P ositioning and Coil Selection Pulse Sequences/Image Planes ANATOMY Bone and Articular Anatomy Muscles About the Knee Neurovascular Supply of the Knee PITFALLS APPLICATIONS MENISCAL LESIONS Meniscal T ears P ostoperative Meniscus Meniscal Cysts Discoid Menisci Meniscal Ossicles Ligament and T endon Injuries Ligament–Tendon Reconstruction Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Graft Failure Arthrofibrosis and Cyclops Lesions Postoperative Infection Plicae P atellar Disorders Chondromalacia Patellar T racking/Instability Loose Bodies Fractures Osteochondritis Dissecans Osteonecrosis and Osteochondrosis Musculoskeletal Neoplasms and Soft T issue Masses Arthropathies Chronic Overuse Syndromes/Miscellaneous Conditions Bursitis T endinitis Iliotibial Band Syndrome Muscle T ears Popliteal Artery Disorders Popliteal Artery Entrapment Normal adult anatomy T ype I T ype II REFERENCES Cystic Adventitial Disease TECHNIQUES P A TIENT POSITIONING AND COIL SELECTION IMAGE PLANES PULSE SEQUENCES AND IMAGING P ARAMETERS ANATOMY SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR ANATOMY SOFT TISSUE ANATOMY POSTERIOR MUSCULATURE NEUROVASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE CALF ANTEROLATERAL MUSCULATURE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT MUSCULATURE NEUROVASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE ANTEROLATERAL MUSCLES FOOT MUSCULATURE NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE FOOT PITFALLS AND NORMAL V ARIANTS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS TRAUMA FRACTURES LIGAMENT INJURIES TENDON INJURIES P eroneal T endons T enosynovitis Peroneal T endon Ruptures T reatment Achilles T endon T endinosis Achilles T endon T ears T reatment Medial T endons P osterior T ibial T endon Flexor Digitorum Longus and Flexor Hallucis Longus T endons T reatment Anterior T endons MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS AND O VERUSE SYNDROMES Heel P ain Bursitis/Haglund’s Deformity Plantar F asciitis T reatment of Plantar Fasciitis T arsal T unnel Syndrome T reatment of T arsal T unnel Syndrome Sinus T arsi Syndrome T reatment of Sinus T arsi Syndrome Ankle Impingement Syndromes Posterior Impingement (Os T rigonum) Syndrome Anterior Impingement Syndrome Anterolateral Impingement Syndrome Anteromedial Impingement Syndrome Posteromedial Impingement Syndrome Midfoot and F orefoot Syndromes Sesamoiditis Freiberg Infraction Plantar Plate and T urf T oe Injuries Hallux Rigidus Bursitis Morton Neuroma Calf T r auma Neoplasms Arthritis/Infection Diabetic F oot Medial T ibial Stress Syndrome Nerve Compression Syndromes P ediatric F oot Disorders T arsal Coalition Congenital F oot Deformities REFERENCES 9Shoulder and Arm T homas H. Berquist • Jeffrey J . P eterson INTRODUCTION Glenohumeral and Acromioclavicular J oints MR Arthrography Arm Brachial Plexus ANATOMY Osseous Anatomy Muscular Anatomy Bursae Neurovascular Anatomy PITFALLS T echnique Anatomic Rotator Cuff Labral–Capsular Complex Fluid Collections Marrow/Osseous V ariants Miscellaneous V ariants APPLICATIONS SHOULDER AND ARM Osseous T r auma Rotator Cuff T ears P artial T ears Complete (Full-thickness) T ears T endinosis/Tendinopathy P ostoperative Changes INSTABILITY Anterior Instability Soft T issue Injuries P osterior Instability Osseous Injuries Labroligamentous/Capsular Lesions Multidirectional Instability P ostoperative Evaluation of Instability Repair BICEPS TENDON T endinopathy/Tears Subluxation/Dislocations Miscellaneous Disorders Subscapularis Adhesive Capsulitis T ears in the Extrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Infection and Inflammatory Diseases Osteonecrosis Neoplasms Brachial Plexus Lesions REFERENCES Elbow and F orearm T homas H. Berquist • Laura W . Bancroft P atient P ositioning and Coil Selection Pulse Sequences and Image Planes ANATOMY Articular Structures Ligaments Bursae Muscles of the Elbow and F orearm Flexors Extensors Deep Extensors Neurovascular Anatomy APPLICATIONS TRAUMA Fractures Dislocations Osteochondroses T endon Injuries Biceps T endon T riceps T endon Medial and Lateral T endons Muscle Injuries Ligament Injuries V algus Extension Overload Syndrome and P osterior Olecranon Impingemen Synovial F old Syndrome BONE AND SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS Bone T umors Soft T issue T umors INFECTION ARTHROPATHIES NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES Ulnar Nerve Median Nerve Radial Nerve REFERENCES Hand and Wrist INTRODUCTION P atient P ositioning/Coil Selection Pulse Sequences/Image Planes MR Arthrography MR Angiography ANATOMY Osseous Anatomy Ligamentous and Articular Anatomy Palmar Ligaments Dorsal Ligaments Interosseous Ligaments Muscular Anatomy Neurovascular Anatomy Osseous V ariants Soft T issue V ariants CLINICAL APPLICATIONS TRAUMA Osseous Injuries Fracture Complications Soft T issue Injuries T riangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Impaction Syndromes Ligament T ears/Instability Distal Radioulnar J oint Scapholunate Ligament T ears Lunotriquetral Ligament T ears Extrinsic Ligament T ears Metacarpophalangeal/Interphalangeal Ligament T ears T endon Injuries T endon/Pulley System Ruptures T endon Subluxation/Dislocation Inflammatory Disorders Miscellaneous Conditions MUSCULOSKELETAL NEOPLASMS Ganglion Cysts Giant Cell T umors Hemangiomas Lipomas Glomus T umors Mucoid Cyst Epidermoids Benign Neural Lesions Malignant Soft T issue T umors INFECTION ARTHROPATHIES Osteonecrosis Scaphoid Lunate Capitate/Other Carpal Bones Metacarpal Heads/Phalanges Magnetic Resonance Imaging NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES Carpal T unnel Syndrome Ulnar Nerve Compression Miscellaneous Compression Conditions MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS REFERENCES Musculoskeletal Neoplasms Mark J . Kransdorf • T homas H. Berquist INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES P ositioning and Coil Selection for MRI Imaging Planes and Pulse Sequence Limitations of MRI STAGING OF MUSCULOSKELETAL NEOPLASMS Imaging F eatures for T umor Staging Primary Skeletal Lesions Soft T issue Neoplasms Metastasis SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS Initial Evaluation Specific Diagnoses Lipomatous T umors Lipoma Intramuscular and Intermuscular Lipomas Lipoma of T endon Sheath and Joint Neural Fibrolipoma Parosteal Lipoma Lipomatosis Liposarcoma Lipoblastoma V ascular Lesions Hemangioma Angiolipoma Arteriovenous Hemangioma (Vascular Malformation) L ymphangioma Synovial Lesions Giant Cell T umor of T endon Sheath Pigmented V illonodular Synovitis Popliteal (Synovial) Cysts Fibrous T umors Fibromatosis Superficial Fibromatosis Deep Fibromatosis Elastofibroma P eripheral Nerve Sheath T umors Neurofibroma Schwannoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath T umor Morton Neuroma T raumatic Neuroma Synovial Sarcoma T umorlike Lesions Myositis Ossificans Hematoma Pseudoaneurysm Ganglion Intra-articular Ganglia Periosteal Ganglion Intramuscular Myxoma Juxta-articular Myxoma Multiple Lesions Benign versus Malignant Gadolinium-enhanced MRI P osttreatment Evaluation When to Biopsy BONE NEOPLASMS Initial Evaluation Specific Diagnoses Cartilage Lesions Chondroblastoma Enchondroma Periosteal Chondroma Osteochondroma Conventional Chondrosarcoma Fibrous Lesions Fibroxanthoma (Nonossifying Fibroma) Fibrous Dysplasia Osteoid Osteoma Intraosseous Lipoma Giant Cell T umor T umorlike Lesions Infarct Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Bone Cyst Malignant T umors Metastases Multiple Myeloma Lesions Associated with Marrow and Soft T issue Changes Gadolinium-enhanced MRI Response to Therapy REFERENCES Musculoskeletal Infection MECHANISMS OF INFECTION Organisms INFECTION IN NONVIOLATED TISSUE Acute Osteomyelitis Chronic Osteomyelitis Mycobacterium T uberculosis Atypical Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis Miscellaneous Organisms Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) Synovitis, Acme, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, Osteitis (SAPHO) Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis J oint Space Infection Infectious Spondylitis (Spondylodiscitis) Soft T issue Infection INFECTION IN VIOLATED TISSUE REFERENCES Diffuse Marrow Diseases William A. Murphy, Jr. • J ames B . V ogler III NORMAL BONE MARROW Anatomy and Physiology MAGNETIC RESONANCE FEATURES Red and Y ellow Marrow Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS DIFFUSE MARROW DISORDERS Reconversion Myeloid Depletion Bone Marrow Ischemia Marrow Infiltration or Replacement Bone Marrow Edema PITFALLS REFERENCES Miscellaneous Conditions INTRODUCTION MYOPATHIES Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Neurotrophic Myopathy Dermatomyositis P olymyositis Sarcoid Myopathy Diabetic Myopathy Infectious Myopathy Miscellaneous Myopathies TRAUMA Muscle Injuries Morel-Lavall ée Lesions EOSINOPHILIC F ASCIITIS SARCOIDOSIS ARTHROPATHIES Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid and J uvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Pigmented V illonodular Synovitis Gout Synovial Chondromatosis/Osteochondromatosis Amyloid Arthropathy Miscellaneous Arthropathies PEDIATRIC DISORDERS STRESS FRACTURES P A GET DISEASE MISCELLANEOUS BONE DISORDERS REFERENCES Clinical Spectroscopy B ASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Musculoskeletal Neoplasms Myopathies and Muscle Disorders REFERENCES Osseous and Cartilage Disorders Index