Mine Water Treatment – Active and Passive Methods

Description

This book accompanies you on a journey that starts with the basics of mine water and takes you further through correct sampling for planning to active and passive purification systems. In the respective chapters you will learn the most important techniques about the parameters to be measured (e.g. on-site parameters, flow rate), which methods are available to actively purify your mine water (e.g. thick sludge method, reverse osmosis, ion exchange) and which ones to perform passive purification (e.g. constructed wetlands, vertical flow reactor, carbonate channel). You will also get an insight into the use of mine water. Don't expect a cookbook - rather, it's an ingredients and utensils list to help you find the right recipe. For extended help on this, check out the nearly 1000 references on all the techniques presented. I wrote this book for hydrogeologists, engineers, graduate students, government officials, miners, geoecologists, chemical engineers - in the broadest sense, you. Preface Acknowledgements Abstract | Zusammenfassung | Shrnutí English Abstract German Zusammenfassung Czech Shrnutí Contents Notes from the Author Legal Notice Company Names Note on Gender Mainstreaming Texts and Illustrations from Previous Publications List of Figures List of Tables 1: Introduction 1.1 Sidenotes – or Experiences After More Than a Decade of Literature Review 1.2 Definition of Terms 1.2.1 Problems with the Definition of Terms 1.2.2 Active Mine Water Treatment 1.2.3 Base Capacity (kB; Acidity; m-Value) 1.2.4 Mine 1.2.5 Bioreactor 1.2.6 Circular Economy 1.2.7 Mine Water Discharge – “Decant” 1.2.8 First Flush 1.2.9 Mine Flooding 1.2.10 Mine Water (Mine Drainage, Mining Influenced Water) 1.2.11 Constructed Wetlands for Mine Water Treatment 1.2.12 Coagulation and Flocculation 1.2.13 Net Acidic or Net Alkaline Mine Water 1.2.14 Passive Mine Water Treatment 1.2.15 Treatment Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater 1.2.16 Phytoremediation 1.2.17 pH Value 1.2.18 Acid Capacity (kA; Alkalinity; p-Value) 1.2.19 Acid Mine Drainage 1.2.20 Sorption, Adsorption, Coprecipitation, Surface Complexation and Other Such Reactions 1.2.21 Heavy Metal 1.2.22 Base Metal 1.3 Formation of Mine Water and Buffer Mechanisms 1.4 Classification of Mine Water 2: Preliminary Investigations 2.1 Introductory Remarks 2.2 Mine Water Sampling 2.2.1 Checklists and Notes 2.2.2 Note on Occupational Health and Safety 2.2.3 Sampling Methods 2.2.4 Quality Control 2.2.5 Measuring Instruments and Sampling 2.2.6 Sample Names 2.2.7 Dissolved and Total Concentrations 2.2.8 Documentation 2.3 Essential On-Site Parameters 2.3.1 Introductory Note 2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (Specific Conductance) 2.3.3 Base Capacity (kB; Acidity) 2.3.4 Acid Capacity (kA; Alkalinity) 2.3.5 Flow and Loads 2.3.6 pH Value 2.3.7 Iron Concentration 2.3.8 Manganese Concentration 2.3.9 Aluminium Concentration 2.3.10 Redox Potential (Eh, ORP) 2.3.11 Oxygen Saturation 2.4 Water Analysis 2.5 Lime Addition or Column Tests 2.6 Active or Passive Mine Water Treatment? 2.7 The Endless Mine Water Treatment Plant 2.8 Pourbaix Diagrams (Stability Diagrams, Predominance Diagrams, Eh-pH-Diagrams, “Confusogram” sensu P. Wade) 3: Active Treatment Methods for Mine Water 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Neutralisation Process 3.2.1 Principles and Historical Development 3.2.2 Low Density Sludge (LDS) Process 3.2.3 High Density Sludge (HDS) Process 3.2.4 It Is Easier to Live in a Box 3.3 Electrochemical Processes 3.3.1 Electrocoagulation 3.3.2 Electrosorption (Condensation Deionisation) 3.3.3 Electrodialysis/Membrane-Based Electrolysis 3.4 Membrane-Based Processes 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Microfiltration 3.4.3 Ultrafiltration 3.4.4 Nanofiltration 3.4.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 3.4.6 Sparro Process (Slurry Precipitation and Recycle Reverse Osmosis) 3.4.7 Forward Osmosis (FO) 3.5 Precipitation Methods for Uncommon Contaminants 3.6 Ettringite Precipitation 3.6.1 SAVMIN™ Process 3.6.2 Other Procedures 3.7 Schwertmannite Process 3.8 Bioreactors (Fermenters) 3.9 Ion Exchange 3.10 Sorption 3.11 Advanced Oxidation 3.12 Flotation Liquid-Liquid Extraction (F-LLX; VEP; HydroFlex™ Technology) 3.13 Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation 4: Passive Treatment Methods for Mine Water 4.1 Note 4.2 What Is Passive Mine Water Treatment? 4.3 Limestone Drains and Channels 4.3.1 Classification of Limestone Drains and Channels 4.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drain (ALD) 4.3.3 Oxic Limestone Drain (OLD) 4.3.4 Open Limestone Channel (OLC) 4.4 Constructed Wetlands 4.4.1 Prologue (I Have Always Wanted to Write This) 4.4.2 Aerobic Constructed Wetland (Reed Bed) 4.4.3 Anaerobic Constructed Wetland (Anaerobic Wetland, Compost Wetland) 4.5 Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems (RAPS); Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS); Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor, Vertical Flow Wetlands 4.6 Settling Pond (Settling Basin, Settlement Lagoon) 4.7 Permeable Reactive Walls 4.8 Vertical Flow Reactor (VFR) 4.9 Passive Oxidation Systems (Cascades, “Trompe”) 4.10 ARUM (Acid Reduction Using Microbiology) Process 5: Alternative Methods for the Management of Mine Water 5.1 Thoughts on Alternative Treatment Methods and Their Application 5.2 Natural and Monitored Natural Attenuation 5.2.1 Natural Attenuation 5.2.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation 5.3 Change in Mining Methods 5.4 Biometallurgy, Geobiotechnology, Biomimetics or Agro-metallurgy 6: In Situ and On-site Remediation Measures 6.1 Introductory Remark 6.2 In-lake Processes 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 In-lake Liming 6.2.3 Stimulated Iron and Sulfate Reduction in Lakes 6.2.4 Electrochemical and Electro-biochemical Treatment 6.3 Chemical Treatment Measures to Reduce Pollutants 6.3.1 Treatment of Acidic Lakes 6.3.2 On-site Chemical Treatment Measures 6.4 Reinjection of Sludge, Treatment Residues or Lime 6.5 Remediation of Contaminated Watercourses 6.6 In situ Remediation of Uranium-Containing Mine and Seepage Water 6.7 Mixing of Pyrite-containing Substrates with Alkaline Material 6.8 Closure of Drainage and Mine Adits 7: Post-mining Usage of Mine Sites or Residues of the Treatment Process 7.1 Post-mining Usage of Remediated Sites 7.2 Treatment Residues as Recyclable Materials (Circular Economy) 8: Finish Lagniappe – Bonus Chapter Explanation of Terms/Glossary/Abbreviations Introductory Remarks Glossary Abbreviations Symbols and Units Acronyms and Abbreviations References Index