Understanding Statistics for the Social Sciences with IBM SPSS

Description

Contents......Page 3 Preface......Page 11 The Scientific Approach versus the Layperson’s Approach to Knowledge......Page 12 The Univariate Approach......Page 14 Hypothesis Testing and Probability Theory......Page 16 Definition of Statistics......Page 17 Learning How to Use the SPSS Software Program......Page 20 Introduction to SPSS......Page 21 SPSS Analysis: Windows Method......Page 28 SPSS Analysis: Syntax Method......Page 30 --- Descriptive Statistics......Page 35 Basic Mathematical Concepts......Page 36 Measurement Scales (Levels of Measurement)......Page 38 Types of Variables......Page 40 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions......Page 43 Grouped Frequency Distributions......Page 49 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks......Page 57 Bar Graph......Page 69 Histogram......Page 75 Frequency Polygon......Page 79 Cumulative Percentage Curve......Page 85 Why Is Central Tendency Important?......Page 92 The Arithmetic Mean......Page 93 The Median......Page 108 The Mode......Page 111 Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode......Page 114 Measures of Central Tendency: Symmetry and Skewness......Page 116 What Is Variability?......Page 117 Range......Page 118 Standard Deviation......Page 119 Using SPSS to Calculate the Range, the Standard Deviation, and the Variance......Page 123 Areas Contained under the Standard Normal Distribution......Page 128 Scores) and the Normal Curve......Page 129 Linear and Nonlinear Relationships......Page 149 Characteristics of Correlation......Page 151 Scores......Page 153 and the Linear Correlation Coefficient......Page 159 Some Issues with Correlation......Page 164 What Is Linear Regression?......Page 167 Linear Regression and Imperfect Relationships......Page 168 --- Inferential Statistics......Page 181 Introduction to Inferential Statistics......Page 182 Probability......Page 183 Sampling......Page 195 Confidence Interval and Confidence Level......Page 199 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing......Page 206 Types of Hypotheses......Page 208 Testing Hypotheses......Page 209 test......Page 217 test......Page 219 test......Page 226 One-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 231 ) Test......Page 240 ) Test of Independence between Two Variables......Page 245 Appendix......Page 254 Biblio......Page 267 Index......Page 268