Sources of Indian Tradition, Volume 1: From the Beginning to 1800

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Since 1958 Sources of Indian Tradition has been one of the most important and widely used texts on civilization in South Asia (now the nation-states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal). It has helped generations of students and lay readers understand how leading thinkers there have looked at life, the traditions of their ancestors, and the world they lived in. This second edition has been extensively revised, with much new material added. Introductory essays explain the particular settings in which these thinkers have expressed their ideas about religious, social, political, and economic, questions. Brief summaries precede each passage from their writings or sayings. The traditions represented include Brahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. The book includes a chronology of Indian history from 3000 B.c. to A.D. 1858. Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments Explanatory Note and Guide to Pronunciation Contributors Chronology Map Sources of Indian Tradition PART I: THE BRAHMANICAL TRADITION: THE VEDIC PERIOD (R. N. Dandekar, revised) Introduction (R. Weiler, revised) Chapter 1 Cosmic and Ritual Order in Vedic Literature Agni Heaven and Earth Varuna Indra The Sun Dawn Soma (1) Soma (2) The Primeval Sacrifice An Unnamed God The Origin of the World A Charm Against Jaundice A Charm Against Various Evils The Exorcism of Serpents Ritual Order: Techniques for the Sacred Fires Chapter 2 The Ultimate Reality in the Upanishads The Sacrificial Horse Sacrifices—Unsteady Boats on the Ocean of Life The Five Sheaths The Real Self The Essential Reality Underlying the World PART II: JAINISM AND BUDDHISM (A. L. Basham) Introduction: The Background of Jainism and Buddhism Chapter 3 The Basic Doctrines of Jainism The Origin and Development of Jainism Jain Doctrines and Practices Jain Literature Of Human Bondage The Man in the Well Kinsfolk Are No Comfort in Old Age All Creation Groans Together in Torment Creatures Great and Small The Eternal Law Respect for Life The Hero of Penance and Self-Control Cheerfully Endure All Things Wise Men and Fools Two Ways of Life The Refuge of All Creatures The Final Penance Moral Verses Chapter 4 Jain Philosophy and Political Thought Of Space and Time There is No Creator The Plurality of Souls The Ideal King I The Ideal King II Practical Advice on War and Peace The Miseries and Dangers of Politics Chapter 5 Theravada Buddhism Basic Doctrines of Theravada Buddhism The Four Noble Truths The Nature of Consciousness and the Chain of Causation False Doctrines About the Soul The Simile of the Chariot Change and Identity The Process of Rebirth Karma Right Mindfulness The Last Instructions of the Buddha The Buddha in Nirvana The City of Righteousness The Ethics of Theravada Buddhism The Morals of the Monk Care of the Body “Lay Not Up for Yourselves Treasures upon Earth The Virtue of Friendliness Hatred and Love Buddhism and Everyday Life Society and the State in Theravada Buddhism How the World Evolved The Origin of Society and State The Ideal of Government, and the Decay and Growth of Civilization Conditions of the Welfare of Societies Birth Is No Criterion of Worth Ashoka: The Buddhist Emperor Chapter 6 Mahayana Buddhism: “The Greater Vehicle” The Bodhisattva The Mahayana Ideal is Higher Than That of the Theravada The Suffering Savior The Lost Son Against Self¬Mortification Joy in All Things The Good Deeds of the Bodhisattva The Evils of Meat-Eating The Gift of Food The Three Bodies of the Buddha Emptiness Faith in Emptiness Karma and Rebirth Suchness All Depends on the Mind Nirvana is Here and Now Praise of Dharma Perfect Wisdom Personified The Blessings of Peace The Divine Right (and Duty) of Kings Magical Utterances Chapter 7 The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt and the Decline of Buddhism in India To the Pure All Things Are Pure Everything is Buddha PART III: THE HINDU WAY OF LIFE (V. Raghavan and R. N Dandekar) Introduction (A.T.E.) The Four Ends of Man (V. R.) Chapter 8 Dharma: The First End of Man (R.N.D.) What is Dharma? The Sources and Extent of Dharma Dharma Is Not Static Vama-Dharma or Organization of the Four Classes The Origin of Mixed Castes Initiation to Studenthood Marriage and Householder’s Duties The Position of Women The Hermit and the Ascetic The Life-Cycle Rites Chapter 9 Artha: The Second End of Man (R.N.D.) Kingship The Origin of Kingship The Science of Polity Duties of a King The Seven Limbs of the State The Circle of States and Interstate Policy State Administration Chapter 10 Kama: The Third End of Man (V. R., revised) The Science of Love and Pleasure The Man of Taste and Culture The Signs of a Girl in Love When Love Becomes Intense Remembered Love Love Song of the Dark Lord Shiva and Kama: Asceticism and Erotic Passion All Passion Spent Aesthetics: Theory and Practice Dramatic Theory and the Concept of Rasa Poetry Shakuntala Chapter 11 Moksha: The Fourth End of Man The Bhagavad Gita: Action and Devotion (R.N.D.) The Necessity of Action Why Karma-Yoga? The Technique of Karma-Yoga Bhakti-Yoga: The Doctrine of Devotion Divine Manifestations Philosophical Synthesis The Perfect Man Hindu Philosophy (V. R., revised) Sdnkhya Ishvarakrishna Vedanta Shankara Purdnic Theism: The Way of Devotion: (V. R., revised) Devotion to Vishnu as Lord Devotion to Shiva Devotion to Devi, the Goddess The Tantric Way Chapter 12 The Songs of Medieval Hindu Devotion (V. R. revised) Shiva Bhakti Tiranavukkarashu Jnanasambandha Manikkavachakar Sun' daramurti Basavanna Mahadevi Laila Vishnu Bhakti The Alvars Nammalvar Purandaradasa Tukaram Tulsidas In Praise of Krishna Surdas Mirabai Devi Bhakti Ramprasad Nirguna Bhakti and the Sant Tradition Kabir Ravidas PART IV: ISLAM IN MEDIEVAL INDIA (P. Hardy; revised by C. Brunner, and D. Lely veld) Introduction Chapter 13 The Foundations of Islam in India The Historical Background The Coming of Islam to India Muslim Orthodoxy in India Piety: The Key to Paradise (Adib) Theology: The Perfection of Faith (cAbd uLHaqq) Propaganda: The Indian Proof (Mihrabi) The Sharfa, or Islamic Code of Conduct The Bases of Jurisprudence (al-Razi) Guidance in the Sharica (the Hidaya) Chapter 14 The Muslim Ruler in India The Legitimacy of Kingship The Final End of Human Society Is the Worship of God (BarnT) Rulers Are Ordained by God (Hamadan!) Obedience to the Sultan Is Commanded by God (Fakhr-i-Mudir) Kingship Is Incompatible with Religious Ideals (Bami) The War Between Good and Evil (Bami) Man’s Opposing Qualities and Their Political Implications (Bami) Duties and Responsibilities of a Muslim Ruler The Ulama and the Ruler (Fakht'i-Mudir) The Ruler as Protector of the Faith (Bami) Consultation with Wise Counsellors (Bami) Organizing the Government (Bami) The Army (Bami) The Perfect Rule (Bami) Abu’l Fazl’s Theory of Rulership (Abu’l Fazl) The Declaration of Akbar’s Status as a Mujtahid (Bada3uni) Against Rulers Misled by Wicked Ulama (Sirhindi) The Ideal Social Order The Four-Class Division of Society (Jalali) Divine Origin of the “Division of Labor” (Bami) Rulers to Preserve the Social Order Willed by God (Bami) The Necessity of Inequality (Baqir Khan) The Muslim Conquest and the Status of Hindus Mahmud of Ghazni (Biruni; Firishta; Abu3! Fazl) The King’s Duty to Convert Idolaters (Bami) Are Hindus Zimmis? (Hamadani) Rights of Hindus (Nizam ud'Din Ahmad; Bada’uni; Aurangzab) Chapter 15 Islamic Mysticism in India Early Sufism in India The Love of God (cAli Hujwiri) Contemplation (cAli Hujwiri) Seeking the Path (Sharaf ud'din Yahya) Renunciation (Sharaf ud'di Yahya) The Quest for God the Beloved and the Knowledge of God The Steps of a Disciple (Sharaf ud-din Yahya) The Final Stage (Sharaf ud-din Yahya) The Preservation of God's Transcendence at the Supreme Stage of Mystic Experience Subsistence and Annihilation (cAli Hujwiri) True Contemplation is Ineffable (cAli Hujwiri) Sufi Acceptance of Orthodox Formalist Islam Orthodox Practice and Spiritual Experience Both Necessary (cAli Hujwiri) The Superiority of the Prophets over the Saints (cAli Hujwiri) The Pious Behavior of All Muslims (Amir Hasan Sijzi) Syncreticism and Orthodoxy under the Mughals Akbar s Religious Outlook The Discussion in the Hall of Worship (Bada’uni; Muhsin-i-Fani) The Divine Faith (Muhsin-i-Fani; Bada’Qni) Dara Shikoh and Pantheism The Mystic Path (Dara Shikoh) The Upanishads: God’s Most Perfect Revelation (Dara Shikoh) Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi: The Reaction to Pantheistic Mysticism Mystic Union with God Is Only Subjective (Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi) Shah Wall'Ullah: Sufism and the Crisis of Islam in India Ijtihad, or Legal Interpretation (Wali-Ullah) The Unity of Interpretations of Mysticism (Wali-Ullah) The Islamic Community in India (Wali-Ullah) Mystical Poetry and Popular Religion Shah cAbdu'l-Latif Bullhe Shah Waris Shah Khwaja Mir Dard PART V: SIKHISM (A/T.E.) Chapter 16 Sikhism: Faith and Practice Guru Nanak (1469-1539): Life and Teachings The Later Gurus and the Sikh Community The Adi Granth and Janam Sakhis Mui Mantra: The Basic Statement The Great Question: How Is Truth to Be Found? The Divine Order Human Nature The Name and the Word The Guru The Uselessness of Caste, Ceremonies, and all Externals Stories about Nanak Gobind Singh: The Last Guru Indic Word List Bibliography Index