Community Intervention: Clinical Sociology Perspectives (Clinical Sociology: Research and Practice)

Description

The second and expanded edition of this award-winning book provides the most up-to-date and important efforts for improving the quality of life in communities around the world. It focuses on community improvements in relation to the interdisciplinary field of clinical sociology. The first part of the book includes updated analyses of important concepts and tools for community intervention. It discusses the importance of centrally involving community members in all phases of community development activities. Part II includes several completely new chapters and focuses on projects in a number of countries -- the United States, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, the Philippines and France. It covers topics such as establishing human rights cities; involving and empowering local communities; research in communities; the healthy cities movement; and climate change. This edition includes several new gender-focused chapters, addressing local level initiatives based on the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), women in prison, and gender factors in climate risk. The appendices include profiles of outstanding practitioners and scholar-practitioners over the last 100 years. This edition includes contributions from well-known scholars and practitioners in clinical sociology and is of interest to sociologists, social policy makers, social workers, and sustainability researchers.   The first edition of this book received the Distinguished Scholarly Book Award from the Clinical Sociology Division of the International Sociological Association. Foreword Community Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the Volume 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Community Defined 1.3 Clinical Sociology 1.4 Intervention 1.5 Contents of the Volume 1.5.1 Basics 1.5.2 Selected Areas of Application 1.5.3 Appendices References Part I: The Basics Chapter 2: Essentials of Community Intervention 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Intervention and Interventionists 2.3 Approaches to Community Intervention 2.4 Community Intervention Tools/Techniques/Ideas 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Research for the Community 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Community Development 3.3 Community Development Research Methodology and Clinical Sociology 3.4 Clinical Process, Interaction and Partnership 3.5 Sharing Knowledge: The Transdisciplinary Issue 3.5.1 Social Planning, Community Building and Translational Knowledge 3.6 Emancipatory Project: An Ethical Issue a Critical Involvement 3.7 Some Methods in Clinical Sociology 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Researcher´s Mark: Begin with the End in Mind 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reflections on the Social Process of Participatory Methods in Evaluation and Research 4.3 Choosing When to Leave: Why it Matters 4.4 Tools that Clinical Sociology Offers 4.5 Leaving 4.6 Conclusions References Part II: Selected Applications Chapter 5: Community Development and Empowerment: A Clinical Sociology Perspective 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Collective Life History 5.2.1 Empowerment and Historical Consciousness 5.2.2 Storytelling and Identity Building 5.2.3 Clinical Sociology Social Demand and Research Supply Knowledge Sharing A Liberating and Critical Ethic? Shared Results 5.3 Itinerancy and Alternative Social Insertion 5.3.1 From Social Demand to an Academic/Community Partnership 5.3.2 Methodology and Main Results 5.4 Food Assistance and Community Action 5.4.1 From Social Demand to a Research Center/Community Organization Partnership 5.4.2 Methodology 5.4.3 Main Results Multicaf: Founding and Mission A Remarkable Evolution Life Path at the Heart of Multicaf 5.5 Social Integration for Marginalized Youth 5.5.1 The Case Setting: Integrating Young People Through Cabinetmaking 5.5.2 Research Instruments and Data Collected 5.5.3 Results: A Typology for Action 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: The Healthy Cities/Communities Movement: From Cholera to COVID-19 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Historical Background 6.2.1 Origin and Spread of the Healthy Cities/Communities Movement 6.3 Healthy Cities Philosophy, Resources, and Research 6.3.1 Resources 6.3.2 Research 6.3.3 Multi-Site Comparative Evaluations 6.4 The Smart Cities Movement 6.4.1 Meeting the Challenge of COVID-19 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Clinical Sociology and Intercultural Praxis for Working with Migrants in the Community: A Tale of Four Projects 7.1 Introduction 7.2 History of the METISS Research Group 7.3 Clinical Sociology and Research-Intervention 7.4 Intercultural Praxis 7.5 From Clinical to Sociological: The Tale of Four Projects 7.5.1 La Maison Bleue (Blue House): Research and Intervention in a Clinical Resource for Perinatal Care 7.5.2 The Family Novel Projects: Research and Intervention Through Storytelling 7.5.3 From Research Results to Training Health and Social Service Practitioners: The Example of an Intercultural Training Proj... 7.5.4 Navigating the Employment Maze: The Case of Foreign-Trained Health and Social Service Care Professionals 7.6 Discussion 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Coeducation in the Popular/Neighbourhood Districts of Marseille 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Research Context and Method 8.2.1 The Context of Research Actions 8.2.2 Collective Interviews with Feedback 8.2.3 Peer Groups and Multi-actor Groups 8.2.4 From Constructing to Co-writing Knowledge 8.3 Results 8.3.1 A Counter-Educational Environment 8.3.2 Teaching Staff: Between a Loss of Interest and Commitment 8.3.3 Parents: Between Excess and Mobilisation 8.3.4 Social Workers: Half Spectator, Half Militant 8.3.5 Mutual ``Interpellation,´´ a Source of Powerlessness 8.4 Discussion 8.4.1 An Institutional Partnership and Original Meetings 8.4.2 Formalised Projects and More Spontaneous Initiatives 8.4.3 Professional Implications of Coeducation 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Economic Interventions in Communities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Quebec Community Action: Historical Overview 9.3 The Place of Community Action in the Context of the Transformation of the Quebec State Since the 1960s 9.3.1 The Role of the State in the Economic Development of Quebec: 1960 to 1980 9.3.2 Between Liberalism and Solidarity: Quebec-Style Neoliberalism from 1980 on 9.4 The Economic Intervention of the Quebec Community Movement in the Development of Society: Three Illustrations 9.4.1 The Development of Employability and Integration 9.4.2 The Key Role of Social Entrepreneurship Consultants 9.4.3 The Emergence of a New Player: Grant-Making Foundations-and the Burgeoning of New Community-Based Practices 9.5 What Lessons can be Drawn from the Incursion of Quebec Community Action into the Field of the Economy 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Communities for CEDAW: Initiating Change on the Local Level 10.1 Introduction 10.2 CEDAW 10.3 Cities for CEDAW 10.4 Levels of Intervention 10.5 Achieving Effective Intervention 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Recognizing Personal Knowledge: An Intervention Experience with Women Prisoners 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Proposal and Methodological Experience 11.2.1 The First Moment: Looking at the Past-The Map of Life 11.2.2 The Second Moment: Perceptions of the Present-The Individual Development Plan 11.2.3 The Third Moment: Projections for the Future-An Adapted Canvas Workshop 11.3 Reconstructing Stories and Knowledges 11.3.1 ``These Padlocks are Going to Have to Open, Even if it Takes Time´´ 11.3.2 ``Tired of Being So Beaten Down´´ 11.3.3 ``50 Years of Prison´´ 11.3.4 ``Make Her Mother Proud´´ 11.3.5 ``Be Someone in Life´´ 11.4 Getting to Know Stories and Recognizing Knowledge 11.5 Considerations Based on Experience: Conclusions and Renewals References Chapter 12: Urban Poor Community Strategies: Towards a Resilient Recovery from Natural Disasters and the Covid-19 Pandemic in ... 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Community Resilience and Strategies for Recovery 12.3 Narratives of Community Resilience 12.4 Community Resilience Innovations: Towards Resilient Recovery Programs 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13: A Clinical Sociologist as City Mayor: Intervention in Local Politics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Politics in Practice 13.2.1 A Political Self 13.2.2 Political Terrains 13.2.3 Political Agency 13.3 Social Construction of Portsmouth Life 13.3.1 Corporate Media and Appalachian Spaces 13.3.2 Disrupting Racist Practices 13.3.3 Welcoming the LGBTQ+ Community 13.3.4 Street Names as Sites of Resistance and Hope 13.3.5 Polishing the Looking Glass 13.4 Materiality of Politics and Portsmouth Life 13.4.1 The Drop-In 13.4.2 City as Canvas 13.4.3 Dogs of the World Unite 13.4.4 Habilitation in a Lieu de Mémoire 13.4.5 Trashing Michigan 13.4.6 Serving the Flâneur 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Community Interventions in the Brazilian Context: Social Vulnerability, Life History Interviews, and Transgenerati... 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Community Interventions: Interactions and Collective Perspectives to Expand Social Protection 14.1.2 Life History Interviews: Resources to Strengthen Family and Community Bonds 14.2 Life History Interviews and Social Vulnerability: Reports of Community Interventions in Brazil 14.2.1 Understanding the Migratory Process and Relational Patterns of Families Facing Social Vulnerability 14.2.2 Work Developed with Families to Prevent Relational Vulnerabilities between Children, Youths, and Parents/Caregivers 14.3 Final Considerations References Chapter 15: The Benefits and Limits of Users´ Participation in the Design of Urban Renewal Projects 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Major Importance of the Quality of Housing and the Urban Environment for the Inhabitants and the Diversity of Situati... 15.3 The Benefits of Residents´ Participation 15.3.1 Users´ Participation in the Design and Management of Their Environment Is a Fundamental Right 15.3.2 Participation Is an Essential Condition for Urban Renewal Projects to Be Adapted to the Users´ Lifestyles and Social Pr... 15.3.3 There Is a Way to Benefit from the Users´ Knowledge 15.3.4 Inhabitants´ Participation Help them Regain Their Confidence, Develop Their Competences and Improve Social Relationships 15.3.5 A False Question: The Low Representativeness of the Inhabitants Involved in the Design Process of the Projects 15.4 Political and Technical Difficulties in Implementing Participation Processes 15.4.1 The Confusion in the Concept of Participation Is a Source of Tension 15.4.2 The Reluctance of Political Decision-Makers to Use Participatory Processes and Their Perversion by Institutions 15.4.3 Difficulties Increased by the Attitude and Organization of Technical Services 15.4.4 The Difficulty for Political Leaders to Refute the Irrelevant Solutions that Residents May Propose 15.4.5 The Major Challenge: To Link Representative Democracy and Participatory Democracy 15.5 The Limits of These Approaches 15.5.1 Some Practitioners Have a Homogeneous Vision of the Inhabitants and Consider that They Should Be the Only One to Make D... 15.5.2 A Utopian Vision of Residents Who Are Supposed to Live in Harmony, Be All Virtuous and Work for the Common Good 15.5.3 Residents Close to Public Spaces Often Want to Control Them 15.5.4 The Exclusion of Some Social Groups and the Risk of Leaders Imposing Their Point of View 15.5.5 Users´ Urban Layout Proposals May Contradict the Practices of Most of the Inhabitants or Be Unrealistic or Irrelevant 15.5.6 The Tendency of Residents to Focus on the Solutions to Be Implemented and Their Difficulty to Imagine Relevant Developm... 15.5.7 The Focus of the Inhabitants on Their Personal Problems 15.5.8 In the Public Meetings, the Inhabitants Have a Demanding Attitude and Don´t Talk About Their Practices and the Places T... 15.5.9 The Need to Identify and Explain the Economic, Technical and Maintenance Constraints Underlying the Project 15.5.10 Participatory Processes Are Often Poorly Organized and Last Too Long, Generating Conflicts Between the Partners 15.6 The Different Forms of Participation in the Design of Urban Projects 15.6.1 The Limits of Sherry Arnstein´s Scale 15.6.2 The Usefulness of Setting Up Cooperation or Co-production Processes to Design the Projects 15.7 Organizing Negotiation Processes: The Requirements for Effective Participation 15.7.1 Consider Participation as a Process of Learning About Democracy, Which Requires the Implementation of Rigorous Procedur... 15.7.2 The Need to Be Clear About What Form of Participatory Process Is Being Used and What Issues Are Negotiable 15.7.3 The Need to Organize a Negotiation Process Between the Inhabitants and the Decision-Makers and to Train Them 15.8 Implementing the Process to Design a Project 15.8.1 Remaining Convinced that Each Neighborhood Is Unique and Requires Specific Solutions 15.8.2 The Usefulness of Combining Public Meetings Chaired by Political Decision-Makers with Working Meetings Without Their Pr... 15.8.3 Identifying the Inhabitants´ Practices and Their Expectations to Understand the ``Urban Social Functioning´´ of the Dis... 15.8.4 Making a Precise Diagnosis Involving the Inhabitants by Training Them in Socio-urban Analysis by Carrying Out ``Collect... 15.8.5 Drawing up ``Specifications of the Inhabitants´ Expectations´´ to Guide the Work of the Technicians Who Must Then Try t... 15.8.6 Exploring Diverse Solutions, Designing Many Scenarios and Assessing Their Relevance with Regard to the Expectations of ... 15.9 Conclusion: Considering Participation as a Problem-Solving Process References Chapter 16: The Elusive Rainbow Nation: Building an Inclusive Community in Post-Apartheid South Africa 16.1 Introduction 16.2 South Africa´s Negotiated Revolution 16.3 Locating the South African Transition in the African Colonial and Postcolonial Experience 16.4 The Political Transition to Democracy 16.5 The Economic Transition 16.6 The Social Transition 16.7 Civil Society Involvement: Organizations and Clinical Sociologists 16.8 Conclusion References Appendix A Clinical Sociology: Basic Readings and Websites Appendix B Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement by Elena Bass References Appendix C Saul Alinsky and Community Organizing by John Yung References Appendix D Orlando Fals Borda and Participatory Action Research by Joanne Rappaport References Appendix E Jane Addams and Hull-House by Jan Marie Fritz References Appendix F Paulo Freire and Critical Pedagogy for Social Change by Jacques Rhéaume References Index