Sustainable Fishery Systems

Description

SUSTAINABLE FISHERY SYSTEMS An up-to-date and interdisciplinary guide to sustainable fisheries Fisheries, whether small-scale or large-scale, are filled with complexity and uncertainty. Making the right decisions to successfully manage fisheries for sustainability and resilience requires a systems approach ― including both natural and human elements, and their many interactions. To understand fisheries, and how they change over time, a diverse range of fishery knowledge must be brought together. Sustainable Fishery Systems, 2nd edition meets these needs. The new edition provides essential information that can be readily applied within government, community, industrial, academic and research settings. Sustainable Fishery Systems, 2nd edition retains the first edition’s emphasis on themes such as sustainability, resilience, uncertainty, complexity, and conflict, and expands its treatment of topics that have, since the first edition’s publication, become crucial to consider in the field of fisheries. As a result, readers will find: Updated and expanded coverage of topics including coastal conservation, ecosystem-based management, co-management, community-based management, and moreNew chapters covering connections between fisheries and marine protected areas, biodiversity conservation, climate and fisheries, and multi-sectoral managementA more detailed introduction to the “systems” perspective of fisheries, reflecting the substantial growth in that subject’s importance, and covering in detail the natural, human and governance aspects of fisheries. Sustainable Fishery Systems, 2nd edition is an indispensable interdisciplinary resource for educators, researchers, government agencies, and fisheries managers. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface and Guide to the Book Acknowledgements Part I Fishery Systems Chapter 1 Introducing Fishery Systems 1.1 Sustainability and Resilience 1.2 Rationale for a Systems Approach 1.3 Fishery Systems as Social-Ecological Systems 1.4 Depicting Fishery Systems 1.4.1 Fishing Effort 1.4.2 Adding Dynamics 1.4.3 Adding Complexity 1.4.4 The Fishery System 1.4.5 Alternatives 1.5 Characterising Fishery Systems 1.5.1 Small-Scale Versus Large-Scale Fishery Systems 1.5.2 Spatial Scale and Time Scale 1.5.3 Other Approaches to Characterising Fishery Systems 1.6 Complexity 1.7 Next Steps Chapter 2 The Natural System: The Fish 2.1 What Is Caught in Fishery Systems? 2.1.1 Fishes 2.1.2 Shellfish 2.1.3 Characteristics 2.2 Spatial Distribution of Fished Resources 2.3 Fish Dynamics 2.3.1 Single-Species Dynamics 2.3.2 Multi-Species Dynamics Chapter 3 The Natural System: Fishery Ecosystems 3.1 Ecosystems 3.1.1 Aquatic/Fishery Ecosystems 3.1.2 A Typology of Fishery Ecosystems 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 The Physical–Chemical Environment 3.3.1 The Winds 3.3.2 Ocean Currents 3.3.3 Upwellings 3.3.4 Other Relatively Localised Phenomena 3.3.5 Physical Features 3.4 Dynamics of Fishery Ecosystems and the Biophysical Environment Chapter 4 The Human System: Fishers and Fishworkers 4.1 Fishers and Fishworkers 4.1.1 A Typology of Fishers 4.1.2 Women in Fishing 4.1.3 Fishworkers in the Post-Harvest Sector 4.1.4 Fisher Organisations 4.2 Fishing Methods 4.2.1 A Typology of Fishing Methods 4.2.2 The Choice of Fishing Method 4.3 Fisher and Fleet Dynamics 4.3.1 Dynamics of Fishing Effort 4.3.2 Capital Dynamics and Fishing Capacity 4.3.3 Technological Dynamics 4.3.4 Fleet Dynamics Chapter 5 The Human System: Post-Harvest Aspects and Fishing Communities 5.1 The Post-Harvest Sector of the Fishery 5.1.1 Processing 5.1.2 Marketing and Markets 5.1.3 Distribution and Trade 5.1.4 Consumers 5.1.5 Food Security 5.2 Fishing Households and Communities 5.2.1 Households 5.2.2 Communities 5.3 The Socioeconomic Environment 5.3.1 Links of Fishery Systems and Their Socioeconomic Environment 5.3.2 Labour 5.4 Post-Harvest and Fishing Community Dynamics 5.4.1 Dynamics of Markets and Consumer Demand 5.4.2 Dynamics of Communities and the Socioeconomic Environment Part II The Fishery Governance and Management System Chapter 6 Fishery Governance 6.1 Rationale for Governance and Management 6.1.1 Open Access 6.1.2 The Need for Management 6.1.3 The Need for Participatory Management 6.2 Governance and Management 6.3 Fishery Values and Objectives 6.3.1 A Portfolio of Fishery Objectives 6.3.2 Objectives, Priorities, and Conflict 6.4 Fishery Management Institutions 6.4.1 Types and Roles of Institutions 6.4.2 The Choice of Institutions 6.4.3 Examples of Institutions 6.5 Governance of International Fisheries 6.6 Legal Framework 6.6.1 Legal Pluralism 6.7 Dynamics of Fishery Governance Chapter 7 Fishery Management 7.1 Time Scales of Management 7.2 Spatial Scales of Management 7.2.1 International Coordination 7.2.2 Decentralisation/Devolution 7.3 Appropriate Fishing Effort and Catch Levels 7.3.1 The Yield-Effort Curve 7.3.2 The Gordon–Schaefer Graph 7.3.3 Fishery Objectives Influence the Choice of Effort Levels 7.4 Developing a Portfolio of Fishery Management Measures 7.5 Implementation at the Operational Level 7.6 Fishery Enforcement 7.7 A Survey of Fishery Management Measures 7.7.1 Input (Effort) Controls 7.7.2 Output (Catch) Controls 7.7.3 Technical Measures 7.7.4 Ecologically Based Management 7.7.5 Subsidies 7.8 Dynamics of Fishery Management Chapter 8 Fishery Development 8.1 Rationale for Fishery Development 8.2 Objectives of Fishery Development 8.3 Strategic Choices in Fishery Development 8.3.1 New Fisheries 8.3.2 Existing Fisheries 8.3.3 Integrated Development 8.4 Targeting Fishery Development 8.4.1 Needs Assessment 8.4.2 Positive Signs 8.4.3 Other Considerations 8.5 Options for Fishery Development 8.5.1 Direct Support to Fishing Activities 8.5.2 Institutional Enhancement 8.5.3 Training and Human Resource Development 8.5.4 Economics and Planning 8.5.5 Scientific, Assessment, Statistical, and Information Support 8.5.6 Fisheries Management and Monitoring/Control/Surveillance 8.5.7 Post-Harvest Support 8.6 Participatory Fishery Development Chapter 9 Fishery Knowledge 9.1 The Nature of Fishery Knowledge 9.2 The Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples, Fishers, and Communities 9.2.1 Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) 9.2.2 Indigenous Knowledge 9.2.3 Fisher Knowledge and Local Knowledge 9.3 Connecting Fisher/Local/Indigenous Knowledge with Fishery Science/Research 9.4 Knowledge Within Institutions 9.4.1 Governments 9.4.2 International Agencies 9.4.3 Universities 9.4.4 Private Sector and Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) 9.5 Fishery Knowledge: The Natural System 9.5.1 Stock Assessment 9.6 Fishery Knowledge: The Human System 9.7 The Nature of Knowledge Production 9.7.1 Disciplinary Knowledge 9.7.2 Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, Transdisciplinary Approaches 9.7.3 Pure (Basic) and Applied (Targeted) Knowledge 9.8 The Structure of Knowledge Production 9.8.1 Organized by Species 9.8.2 Organized by Function 9.8.3 Organized on a Geographical/Ecosystem Basis 9.9 Dynamics of Fishery Knowledge Part III Three Major Challenges in Fishery Systems Chapter 10 Uncertainty in Fishery Systems 10.1 Sources of Uncertainty in Fishery Systems 10.1.1 Sources in the Natural System 10.1.2 Sources in the Human System 10.2 A Typology of Uncertainty 10.2.1 Introduction: The Stock–Recruitment Relationship 10.2.2 Randomness 10.2.3 Uncertainties in Data and Parameters 10.2.4 Structural Uncertainty 10.3 Linking Uncertainty and Dynamics Chapter 11 Conflict in Fishery Systems 11.1 Conflict over Priorities: Fishery Paradigms 11.1.1 The Conservation Paradigm 11.1.2 The Rationalisation Paradigm 11.1.3 The Social/Community Paradigm 11.1.4 Fishery Paradigms in Practice: Efficiency and Allocation 11.2 A Typology of Fishery Conflicts 11.2.1 Fishery Jurisdiction 11.2.2 Management Mechanisms 11.2.3 Internal Allocation 11.2.4 External Allocation Conflicts Chapter 12 Attitudes (The Story of a Fishery Collapse) 12.1 The Cod Collapse Experience 12.1.1 The Collapse 12.1.2 The Aftermath 12.1.3 Understanding the Collapse 12.1.4 Recovery? 12.1.5 The Future 12.2 Attitudes Underlying the Cod Collapse 12.2.1 The Role of the Regulator 12.2.2 Blame for the Collapse 12.2.3 The Burden of Proof 12.2.4 Conservation Can Wait 12.2.5 The Illusion of Certainty and the Fallacy of Controllability 12.2.6 Synthesis on Fishery Attitudes Part IV Modern Strategies for Fishery Systems Chapter 13 Sustainability and Resilience 13.1 Sustainability 13.2 Resilience 13.3 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13.4 Components of Sustainability and Resilience 13.5 Sustainability and Resilience of Institutions 13.5.1 Institutional Sustainability 13.5.2 Institutional Resilience 13.5.3 Institutional Effectiveness 13.6 Sustainability and Resilience within the Fishery System 13.6.1 Biodiversity 13.6.2 Fishing Fleets, Capacity, and Subsidies 13.6.3 Efficiency 13.6.4 Livelihood Diversity 13.6.5 Post-Harvest and Fishing Communities 13.6.6 Fishery Objectives and Principles 13.6.7 Managing Conflict 13.7 Assessing Sustainability and Resilience in Fishery Systems 13.7.1 Sustainability Indicators 13.7.2 Resilience Assessment and Indicators 13.7.3 Developing a Framework of Indicators Chapter 14 Adaptive, Robust, and Precautionary Management 14.1 Uncertainty and Risk 14.2 Risk Assessment 14.3 Risk Management: Analytical Approaches 14.4 Adaptive Management and Robust Management 14.4.1 Adaptive Management 14.4.2 Structural Uncertainty and Robust Management 14.5 Moving to Robust, Adaptive Management 14.5.1 Avoiding the Illusion of Certainty 14.5.2 Avoiding the Fallacy of Controllability 14.5.3 Avoiding Lack of Robustness (Using a Management Portfolio) 14.6 The Precautionary Approach and the Burden of Proof 14.6.1 Approach Versus Principle 14.6.2 Implementing the Precautionary Approach 14.6.3 The Burden of Proof 14.6.4 Possible Applications of the Precautionary Approach and the Burden of Proof Chapter 15 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries 15.1 Rationale for an Ecosystem Approach 15.2 History of an Ecosystem Approach 15.3 Scope of an Ecosystem Approach 15.4 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) 15.5 Implementing EAF 15.5.1 Principles 15.5.2 Entry Points 15.5.3 Resources for Implementation 15.6 Implementing EAF: Human Dimensions 15.6.1 Components of Human Dimensions 15.6.2 Human Dimensions Across Scales Chapter 16 Rights-Based Approaches to Fisheries Management 16.1 The Rationale for Fishery Rights 16.2 Use Rights 16.3 Management Rights 16.4 Use Rights and Management Rights in Context 16.5 Rights Versus Ownership 16.6 The Commons 16.7 Human Rights 16.8 Practicalities of Use Rights 16.9 Forms of Use Rights 16.9.1 Customary Tenure/Territorial Use Rights in Fishing (TURFs) 16.9.2 Limited Entry 16.9.3 Effort (Input) Rights 16.9.4 Catch (Output) Quotas 16.9.5 Community-Based Use Rights 16.10 Use Rights Issues: Initial Allocation 16.11 Use Rights Issues: Transferability 16.11.1 Efficiency 16.11.2 Social Cohesion 16.11.3 Concentration of Rights 16.12 Choosing a Use Rights System Chapter 17 Co-management and Community-Based Management 17.1 Fishery Co-management 17.1.1 Who Is Involved in Co-management? 17.1.2 Goals of Co-management 17.1.3 Forms of Co-management 17.1.4 Levels of Co-management 17.1.5 Co-management and Components of Fishery Management 17.1.6 Discussion 17.2 Community-Based Fishery Management 17.2.1 What Is Community-Based Fishery Management? 17.2.2 Rationale for Community-Based Fishery Management 17.2.3 What Is Involved in Community-Based Fishery Management? 17.2.4 Experiences with Community-Based Fishery Management 17.2.5 Community-Based Conservation 17.2.6 Community Science 17.2.7 Factors of Success in Community-Based Fishery Management Part V Fisheries and the Bigger Picture Chapter 18 Fisheries and Marine Protected Areas 18.1 Fishery Closed Areas 18.2 Nongovernmental (Informal) Protected Areas 18.3 Marine Protected Areas and OECMs 18.4 International Agreements 18.5 Types of MPAs and OECMs 18.5.1 No-Take MPAs 18.5.2 Zoned MPAs 18.5.3 Local/Community MPAs 18.5.4 Large-Scale MPAs 18.5.5 MPA Networks 18.6 Design of MPAs 18.7 Fishery Benefits and Costs of MPAs and OECMs 18.7.1 Examples of Possible Benefits of MPAs 18.7.2 Examples of Possible Costs of MPAs 18.8 Interactions of MPAs and OECMs with Fisheries 18.8.1 Objectives 18.8.2 Policy Linkages 18.8.3 Governance 18.8.4 Rights 18.8.5 Participation and Co-management 18.8.6 Community-Based Approaches 18.8.7 Knowledge 18.8.8 Livelihoods 18.9 MPAs as a Fisheries Management Tool Chapter 19 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 A Brief History of Biodiversity Conservation in a Fishery Context 19.3 Fisheries and Endangered Species 19.3.1 Bycatch 19.3.2 Turtles 19.3.3 Marine Mammals 19.3.4 Seahorses 19.4 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation 19.4.1 The Fisheries ‘Stream’ and the Biodiversity Conservation ‘Stream’ 19.4.2 Tensions Between the Fisheries and Biodiversity Streams 19.4.3 Common Ground of Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation 19.5 Opportunities Across Scales for Linking Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation 19.5.1 Global 19.5.2 Regional 19.5.3 National 19.5.4 Local 19.6 Incentives and Opportunities 19.7 CBD and IPBES Chapter 20 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management 20.1 Fisheries, Competing Uses and the Need for Management of Multiple Sectors 20.2 Integrated Management 20.3 Marine Spatial Planning 20.4 Ocean Zoning 20.5 Blue Economy 20.6 Some Common Features of Multi-Sectoral Approaches 20.6.1 Rationale 20.6.2 Institutional Framework 20.6.3 Spatial Delimitation 20.6.4 Scale 20.7 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management 20.7.1 Benefits of Linking Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management 20.7.2 Concerns in Fisheries about Multi-Sectoral Management 20.7.3 Linking Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management Chapter 21 Fisheries and Climate Change 21.1 Impacts of Climate Change 21.1.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Impacts of Climate Change 21.1.2 Effects of Climate Change on Human Dimensions of the Fishery System 21.1.3 Differential Impacts of Climate Change 21.2 Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity 21.3 Responses to Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation 21.4 Responses to Climate Change: Mitigation 21.5 Responses to Climate Change: Adaptation 21.5.1 Types of Adaptation 21.5.2 Community-Based Adaptation 21.5.3 Differential Impacts and Benefits of Climate Adaptation 21.5.4 Adaptation of Fishery Management and Governance to Climate Change 21.5.5 Making Management and Governance more Adaptive, Flexible, and Robust Part VI Conclusions Chapter 22 Sustaining Fisheries into the Future 22.1 A Review of Fishery Systems 22.2 A Review of Fishery Sustainability and Resilience 22.3 Making Fishery Governance and Management Effective 22.3.1 Institutions 22.3.2 Robust, Adaptive, and Precautionary Management 22.3.3 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries 22.3.4 Rights 22.3.5 Co-management 22.3.6 Community-Based Management 22.4 The Bigger Picture Around the Fishery System 22.4.1 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation 22.4.2 Fisheries, MPAs, and OECMs 22.4.3 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management 22.4.4 Fisheries and Climate Change 22.5 A Closing Note Appendix A Atlantic Canada’s Groundfish Fishery System A.1 The Fish A.2 The Ecosystem and the Biophysical Environment A.3 The Fishers A.4 The Post-Harvest Sector A.5 Fishing Communities A.6 The Socioeconomic Environment A.7 Fishery Policy and Planning A.8 Management Institutions A.9 Fishery Management A.10 Fishery Development A.11 Fishery Knowledge Appendix B Models of Fishery Systems B.1 Integrated Fishery Models B.2 Bioeconomic Models B.3 A Behavioural Model B.4 An Optimisation Model B.5 Summary Appendix C Developing a Framework of Fishery Indicators C.1 Process for Indicator Development C.1.1 Participants C.1.2 Indicator Identification C.1.3 Classification C.1.4 General Quality Criteria C.1.5 Context-Specific Criteria C.1.6 Data-Specific Criteria C.2 Ecological, Socioeconomic/Community, and Institutional Sustainability Indicators C.2.1 Aggregation References Index EULA