Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems

Description

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems is a valuable resource for beginners, experienced researchers, and developers of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It provides a fundamental understanding of SOFCs by covering the present state-of-the-art as well as ongoing research and future challenges to be solved. It discusses current and future materials, and provides an overview of development activities with a more general system approach toward fuel cell plant technology, including plant design and economics, industrial data, and advances in technology. Provides an understanding of the operating principles of SOFCs Discusses state-of-the-art materials, technologies, and processes Includes a review of the current industry and lessons learned Offers a more general system approach toward fuel cell plant technology, including plant design and economics of SOFC manufacture Covers significant technical challenges that remain to be solved Presents the status of government activities, industry, and market This book is aimed at electrochemists, batteries and fuel cell engineers, alternative energy scientists, and professionals in materials science. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Authors Chapter 1 Fundamental Aspects of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1.1 Background and Principles of SOFCs 1.2 Design and Operation of SOFCs 1.3 Kinetics of Electrochemical Reactions and Thermodynamics of SOFCs 1.3.1 Activation Loss 1.3.2 Ohmic Loss 1.3.3 Concentration Loss 1.3.4 Thermodynamics of Ideal Reversible SOFC 1.4 Heat Transfer in SOFC 1.5 Mass Transfer in SOFC References Chapter 2 Materials: Electrolytes, Anodes, Cathodes, Interconnects, and Sealants 2.1 Overview of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Materials 2.2 Electrolytes 2.2.1 Oxygen-Ion-Conducting Electrolytes 2.2.2 Proton-Conducting Electrolytes 2.2.3 Zirconia-Based Electrolytes 2.2.3.1 Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 2.2.3.2 Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia 2.2.3.3 Other Dopants and Co-Dopants for Stabilized Zirconia 2.2.4 Ceria-Based Electrolytes 2.2.4.1 Gadolinia-Doped Ceria 2.2.4.2 Samaria-Doped Ceria 2.2.5 Bi[sub(2)]O[sub(3)]-Based Electrolytes 2.2.6 Perovskite-Structured Electrolytes 2.2.6.1 Perovskite-Structured Oxygen-Ion Conductors 2.2.6.2 Perovskite-Structured Proton Conductors 2.2.7 New Oxygen-Ion and Proton Conductors 2.2.7.1 Silicate- and Germanate-Based Apatites 2.2.7.2 La[sub(2)]Mo[sub(2)]O[sub(9)] (LAMOX) 2.2.7.3 Gallium-Based Oxides (Tetrahedrally Coordinated) 2.2.7.4 Niobates and Tantalates 2.3 Anodes 2.3.1 Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode 2.3.1.1 Influence of Materials Characteristics and Fabrication Conditions on Electronic Conductivity of Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode 2.3.1.2 Influence of Materials Characteristics and Fabrication Conditions on Electrochemical Performance of Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode 2.3.1.3 Degradation Mechanisms in Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode 2.3.2 Other Ni-Fluorite Cermet Anodes 2.3.3 Alternative Anode Materials 2.4 Cathodes 2.4.1 Manganite-Based Perovskite Cathodes 2.4.2 Ferrite-Based Perovskite Cathodes 2.4.3 Cobaltite-Based Perovskite Cathodes 2.4.4 Degradation Mechanisms of Conventional Lanthanum-Based Manganite, Ferrite, and Cobaltite Cathode Materials 2.4.4.1 Effect of CO[sub(2) on Cathode Performance 2 2.4.4.2 Effect of Humidity on Cathode Performance 2.4.4.3 Effect of Cr On Cathode Performance 2.4.4.4 Effect of Si On Cathode Performance 2.4.5 Double Perovskite Materials (AA'B[sub(2)]O[sub(5+δ]) 2.4.6 Ruddlesden-Popper Series (A[sub(N+1)]B[sub(N)]O[sub(3N+1)]) 2.4.7 Other Cathode Materials 2.5 Interconnects 2.5.1 Ceramic Interconnects 2.5.2 Metallic Interconnects 2.5.2.1 Cr-Based Alloys 2.5.2.2 Fe-Cr-Based Alloys 2.5.2.3 Ni-Cr-Based Alloys 2.5.3 Interconnect Protective Coatings 2.6 Sealants 2.6.1 Glass Sealants 2.6.2 Glass-Ceramic Sealants 2.6.3 Compressive Sealants 2.6.4 Ceramic- and Glass-Composite Sealants References Chapter 3 Processing 3.1 Different Cell Concepts 3.2 Methods of Processing Cell Components 3.2.1 Substrates 3.2.1.1 Extrusion 3.2.1.2 Tape Casting 3.2.2 Coating Methods 3.2.2.1 Screen Printing 3.2.2.2 Thin-Film Technologies 3.3 Sintering/Co-Firing References Chapter 4 Cell and Stack Configuration 4.1 General Requirements for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Designs 4.2 Single-Cell Configuration 4.3 Design of SOFCs and Stacks 4.4 Planar Cell Design (Flat Plate Design) 4.5 Tubular Cell Design (Seal-Less) 4.6 Microtubular Cell Design 4.7 Integrated Planar (Segmented-Cell-In-Series) Design 4.8 Cone-Shaped Design 4.9 Flat-Tube Design 4.10 Honeycomb Design References Chapter 5 System Design and Optimization 5.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) System Designs and Performance 5.1.1 Atmospheric SOFC-CHP Systems 5.1.2 Residential, Auxiliary Power, and Other Atmospheric SOFC Systems 5.1.3 Pressurized SOFC/Turbine Hybrid Systems 5.1.4 SOFC Tri-Generation Systems 5.2 Optimization Strategies for SOFC 5.2.1 Decision Variables 5.2.1.1 Microstructural Parameters 5.2.1.2 Single-Cell Parameters 5.2.1.3 Integrated System Parameters 5.2.2 Objective Functions 5.2.2.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 5.2.2.2 Economic Aspects 5.2.2.3 Environmental Aspects 5.2.3 Constraints 5.2.3.1 Safe Operation 5.2.3.2 Specicatfiion Ranges References Chapter 6 Fuel Cell Technology Commercialization 6.1 Potential Role of Fuel Cells in Green Energy Economy 6.2 Major Barriers for Fuel Cell Technology Commercialization 6.2.1 Economic Challenges 6.2.1.1 Hydrogen Economy 6.2.1.2 Fuel Cell Costs 6.2.2 Technical Challenges: Durability and Reliability 6.3 Future Strategies for Fuel Cell Technology Commercialization 6.4 Recent SOFC Technology Status in the US, Japan, China, and Europe References Chapter 7 Research, Demonstration, and Commercialization Activities in the US, Europe, and Asia 7.1 Regional Fuel Cell Market Analysis 7.1.1 North America 7.1.2 Europe 7.1.3 Asia 7.2 Current State of Technology Commercialization and Long-Term Perspective References Index